Merino sheep in Australia – the research of H.B. Carter

By Dr Clive Dalton.

The story starts at Leeds
This bit of Australian agricultural history has turned out to be a fascinating tale - and it's necessary to tell it backwards! This is because it developed from my lecturing years at Leeds University Department of Agriculture, when some funny looking sheep arrived at the University farm around 1967 which we learned were ‘Merinos’, along with a Mr H.B. Carter who was given an office in the Textile Department, and not with us. We had no contact with the textile department staff, as we in Agriculture had no interest in wool and synthetic fibres. This attitude was similar to our association with the University Leather Department (one of the few in the world) - we just never met.

None of us on the Agriculture staff knew anything about either Carter or his Merinos, other than they had arrived from the Animal Breeding Research Organisation (ABRO) in Edinburgh, where it was rumoured that Carter (an Australian) and his sheep had departed, but not by choice.

It wasn't easy in 2010 to find people who remembered what went on at Leeds after I left in 1968, but I was fortunate through one of the few ‘agriculturists’ who was there after me, (Tim Johnson), to find Professor Richard Carter in the Institute of Immunology and Infections Research, at the School of Biological Sciences in the University of Edinburgh. Richard is H.B. Carter's second son and fortunately had documented his father’s papers after his death in 2005, intending to deposit them in a Sydney museum which specialised in the history of sheep and wool.

More on my part of the story is blogged here: http://woolshed1.blogspot.com/2010/05/merino-sheep-hb-carters-book-on-sheep.html

H.B. Carter scientific archive
On H.B. Carter's death in February 2005, Richard Carter assembled and listed his father's papers and equipment at Yeo Bank, Congresbury Somerset, UK, 6th May 2010. It's a fascinating list and is indicative of a man passionate about his work.

One of many H.B. Carter's photos in his archive, of Merino sheep in
typical Australian grazing conditions where he did his research.
H.B. Carter is standing nearest the car.

Contents of archive
1. About a dozen rolls, 1 to 3 feet in length comprising data maps of Australia and NSW (e.g. numbers and distribution of Merino sheep, pedigree flocks) and including a package of rolls of plans by H.B.Carter for the C.S.I.R. Sheep Biology laboratories at Prospect.

2. Metal cabinet ( 9" x 19" x 38") containing approx 10,000 glass slides of tissue sections (sheep skin) fixed, stained and mounted under glass (6 to 8 per slide) in 5 shelves or tiers, each containing 14 drawers of slides (all with identification numbers)

3. Three portfolio-sized folders with research data, charts etc.

4. One box (20" x 20" x 26") containing HBC's saddle, harness and other "bush" equipment

5. Forty one boxes (11" x 18" x 18") containing HBC's books, documents and original paper records, correspondence etc. identified as follows:

• Box (l) - HBC, records, scientific etc. (Australia)
• Box (2) - HBC, records, scientific etc. (Australia)
• Box (3) - HBC, records, scientific etc. (Australia)
• Box (4) - HBC, records, scientific etc. (Australia)
• Box (5) - HBC, records, scientific etc. (Australia)
• Box (6a) - HBC, records, scientific etc. (Australia)
• Box (6b) - HBC, records, scientific etc. (Australia)
• Box (6c) - HBC, records, scientific etc. (Australia)
• Box (7) - HBC, sheep & wool ( National statistics)
• Box (8) - HBC, Edinburgh & after, 1954- 1970s scientific records & correspondence.
• Box (9) - HBC, Leeds, 1963 ? - 1970 ; correspondence 1948 – 1969.
• Box (10) - HBC, Massy "Australian Merino"; other bound material, 1929 – 1988.
• Box (11) - HBC. papers, mainly correspondence - 1948 – 1998.
• Box (12) - HBC, papers, Yeo Bank years,1970 - correspondence.
• Box (13) - HBC, scientific research data pre 1953.
• Box (14) - HBC, scientific research data - Australia - pre 1953.
• Box (15) - HBC, papers & correspondence Edinburgh & later.
• Box (l6) - Approx. 400 fleece samples annotated (each 1/2 x 2 X 18 inch) in 7 x card boxes; samples are from cross-bred sheep grown at the Animal Breeding Research Organization (ABRO), Edinburgh, Scotland; dating from between 1954 and 1963. H.B.Carter personal skin biopsy punch kit. Photograph album of fleece collecting in action. Envelope of H.B.Carter’s pen and ink drawings of Merino sheep.
• Box (17) - 560 well annotated slides of fixed and stained skin sections from Merino sheep mounted under glass in 7 boxes and 1 package. Documents from Russia.
• Box (l8) -2 black file boxes containi11g:- 1 x envelope 4 x 6 inch containing 18" and early 19th century fibre specimens (presumably sheep, unknown breed); 54 sheep skin biopsy specimens preserved in wax (Bradford) (3 x packages); 144 sheep skill biopsy specimens preserved in wax (1966/67) (18 X packages); 93 tubes with label slips inside them (no biological material evident); 1 cardboard box approx l cubic foot containing 58 sheep fleece specimens (unknown date and place of origin, possibly from around 1990). 2 A4 envelopes with Merino wool samples (Edinburgh 1956).
• Box (19) - Approx. 100 slides of Soay (Scotland) sheep skin sections, fixed, stained and nlounted under glass; Approx. 100 slides of skin sections of cross-bred sheep - e.g. Merino X Border Leicester - fixed, stained and mounted under glass; Approx. 100 slides of skin sections of Scottish rodent species (most likely including Microtos sp., Apodemus sp. or Mus musculus , fixed, stained and mounted under glass (4 packages); Approx. 400 slides of skin sections of Scottish deer (most likely Red Deer, Cervus elaphus or Roe Deer, Capreolus capreolus, fixed, stained and mounted under glass (4 packages); Approx. 200 slides of skin sections of Merino sheep, fixed, stained and mounted under glass (2 packages).
• Box (20) - Approx. 1000 coarse wool fibre samples from Scotland (likely Blackface Sheep, or other such breed) (second half of 20th century); 3 jars with early Australian wools (presumably early Merino); 5 jars fleece samples from Afghanistan (presumably some breed of Afghan sheep); Blue card box containing:- 55 tubes with labeled slips inside (no biological material evident); Brown card box containing 45 tubes with labeled slips inside (no biological material evident); Small brown box containing 24 tubes with labeled slips inside (no biological material evident); 8 wooden racks containing:- 192 tubes with labeled slips inside (no biological material evident).
• Box (21) HBC, sheep follicle drawings, photos, film and sundry.
• Box (22) HBC, papers UK post 1954.
• Box (23) HBC, papers UK post 1954.
• Box (24) HBC, papers UK post 1954.
• Box (25) HBC, papers UK post 1954; incl photos ?pre 1954.
• Box (26) HBC, (fleece samples) papers UK post 1954.
• Box (27) HBC, papers UK post 1954.
• Box (28a) HBC, papers UK post 1954.
• Box (28b) HBC, papers UK post 1954.
• Box (29) HBC, literature reprints A – C.
• Box (30) HBC, literature reprints D – G.
• Box (31) HBC. literature reprints H - I.
• Box (32) HBC, literature reprints M – P.
• Box (33) HBC, literature reprints R – T.
• Box (34) HBC, literature reprints U - Y + lit card files + "books" from Leeds (1960's).
• Box (35) HBC, personal publication reprints & other published material.
• Box (36) HBC, other published materials.
• Box (37) HBC, other published materials, pre 1945.
• Box (38) HBC, other published materials.
• Box (39) - 1 plastic bag with 18 labeled fleece (sheep unknown breed) samples (1 x 1 x 4 inch); 1 plastic bag with 8 labeled fleece (sheep unknown breed) samples 1 x 1 x 4 inch); 1 plastic bag with 26 labeled fleece (sheep unknown breed) samples (1 x 1 x 4 inch); 1 plastic bag with 12 labeled fleece (sheep unknown breed) samples (1x1x4 inch); 1 plastic bag with fleece (sheep unknown breed) samples (9 x 9 x 9 inch); 1 envelope (The Rodd 29th May 1973) containing 10 envelopes (3 x 4 inch) with fleece samples (sheep unknown breed);5 plastic sleeves (2 x 4 x 4 inches) with fleece samples (sheep unknown breed); 1 envelope (Ulundri/Castle Hill/NSW) with 20 plastic sleeves with fleece samples (Merino) (presumed pre-19541; Folders of data records, documents and plans with reference to Sheep Biology Laboratories, C.S.I.R. at Prospect, N.S.W.; Metal syringe (function unknown).
  

The HB Carter ‘Memoir’
Among H.B. Carter's documents, Richard found what his father called his ‘Memoir’, which Richard kindly let me read. I felt it was of such significance, not only in Australia but around the sheep world, that I suggested it should be made available for future agricultural researchers and historians via my blog.

The memoir made me realise that all the things we at Leeds had thought and inferred about Carter and his sheep, were in total ignorance of the calibre of the man, and his contribution to sheep and wool science, as well as to the textile industry in Australia and around the world.

The 'Memoir' knol
Richard Carter and I have worked on getting the memoir from HBC’s version (typed on his portable Remington with very few typing errors) through as a Google Knol (see http://knol.google.com/k/clive-dalton/h-b-carter-personal-memoir-of/2txpuk4gtju3n/18)
with the kind permission of the Carter family. To HB Carter's original words we have only added subheadings and some of his original photos from his archive to break up the text for easier reading.

Richard has written some personal notes to put the Memoir into perspective, in both time and location.

Notes by Professor Richard Carter – January 2011
A story about a sheep flock
When my father, Harold Burnell Carter, was in his late forties, he began to write a story about a flock of sheep that had been gathered together at the behest of a King who would go mad, and about the man who served him as their shepherd.

The flock of sheep was a very special one for it was descended from the sheep from whose backs came the Golden Fleece - that treasure of ancient legend sought by the Greek hero, Jason, the Captain of the ‘Argonaughts’. For, true to its name, whoever possessed the Golden Fleece held in his hands the wealth of a nation.

His Majesty's flock
And to this end also, the king who would go mad sent out his servants to find and bring him descendants of the miraculous sheep. My father called his story ‘His Majesty’s Spanish Flock’. The sheep of the Spanish Flock were Merinos, coveted throughout Europe for the extreme fineness of their wool and upon which the looms of England depended for their lucrative industry.

The king was King George III of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; his “shepherd” was Sir Joseph Banks, President of the Royal Society of England. In 1788, the small beginnings of the flock of Merinos, smuggled from their native pastures on the plains of Spain, was secretly assembled at Windsor Castle on the banks of the River Thames.

Intended as the seed stock for a revitalised wool industry in the United Kingdom – in the words of the King “a most national object” – the little flock, gathered in twos and threes by Spanish “contrabandistas” and smuggled through Portugal for shipment to England, was, indeed, destined to found the fortunes of a nation. For about 100 years, from perhaps the 1830’s to the 1930’s, the wealth of that nation would be built upon “the sheep’s back” – upon the back of the Australian Merino.

Founding the wealth of Australia
My father’s story - the story of the Spanish sheep that would found the wealth of the Australian nation - was the product of a personal quest, a quest that grew from his own instinct, common to his generation, to work for the prosperity of his country, the Commonwealth of Australia.

The means he found were through the scientific study of the Merino in Australia. And he began, in the early 1930’s, at the age of 23, by working for an organization called the “Australian Estates and Mortgage Company Limited” as a veterinarian for Merino studs on sheep stations in New South Wales.

As his second of three sons, growing up in the late 1940’s, early 1950’s, on a small farm on the edge of the Australian bush, 20 miles from the centre of Sydney, the line of the Blue Mountains marking the western horizon, I knew my father to be a “sheep scientist”.

Off to work in the 'lab’
My father went to work in Sydney most days to the 'lab', which puzzled me for a long time as I understood this to be the “lav”. When he wasn’t at the 'lab' he would be working on the farm making fences or ploughing or doing things with sheep.

This might be making them walk through, and be ‘drenched’ with, a very green liquid, and occasionally tying them onto a bench and shaving the wool off a square patch of skin followed by a short sharp dig in the sides with a metal object that neatly removed a small circle of skin.

Bare-foot in the dust

A photo by H.B. Carter of his gear for fleece sampling on farms

While this was going on, I and my brothers would be running around bare foot in the dust taking it all in and occasionally being chatted to by my father’s mates “Wol” Clarke, Daly and Ken Ferguson, of whom Ken always seemed more smartly dressed than Wol, Daly or my Dad. Once or twice there arrived at our farm, along with Wol and Daly, an impressive looking vehicle called the “Battle Buggy”, and an even more impressive one called the “Chev”, which had a canvas back.

Run! – here comes ‘Butty’
The sheep themselves also had quite a lot of character. There was one ram in particular called Butty. He was ‘unherdable’! In fact the only way he could be brought into the yard was, apparently, for someone, Bill in my recollection, to walk out into the back paddock, attract Butty’s attention, an easy task, and then run like the blazes with Butty in full pursuit, having calculated in advance the distance that could be covered and still reach the fence before Butty caught up with him.

Meanwhile someone else, probably my Dad, stood by to do some deft gate work, which with luck, would divert Butty into entrapment in the holding yard. Unconnected with any of the above was a Sydney Funnel Web spider which the same Bill captured by placing a glass coffee jar over the spider’s hole. I can still recall, as I imagine, the thwack as the spider hit the bottom (now the top) of the jar. Brave man was Bill.

Names and more names
Away from the yard and the paddock, in addition to those already mentioned, names such as Bull, Hedley Marston, Gill, Peggy Hardy, Noeline Schwann, Des Dowling, Dunlop, Tom Austin and Bunny Austin are ones that come readily to mind from recollections of conversions between our parents. All our table place mats had what I now realise were mites and parasitic worms and such like embroidered on them.

Factors and fleeces
There was also much talk of 'factors' and the 'fleece'. Once in a while the family would be treated to slide shows projected onto the wall of our “sitting room” in the tumble down shack that was, at the time, our home. These were thrilling occasions. The images were uninterpretable but very exciting.

There were whirls and coloured, somewhat circular, shapes within shapes, odd dots and what not. Slide after slide was projected, each quite as transfixing as the previous one, until it was all over and we were sent, more reluctantly than on most nights, to bed.

From time to time my father was absent altogether for days on end. This had something to do with places with names like 'Wanganella' and involved “Sheep Stations” and “Austin”. Whatever all this was about my parents seemed pretty happy with their lot, and so were we; who wouldn’t be?

Off to Bonny Scotland
And then, all of sudden, we learned that we were leaving Australia and going to Scotland. This was in 1954. And so we did, and came to live near Edinburgh while my father carried on working there as a “sheep scientist”. Unfortunately there were no more paddocks or sheep and horses and chickens, and less unfortunately, no more spiders and snakes, at least not to worry about.

So from here on my father just went to work at the 'lab', until, that is, he began to spend more and more of his time collecting old letters, or rather photographic copies of them, hundreds and, indeed, thousands of them. And sooner or later we learned that he was preparing to write a book, a book about some sheep, the mad king, George III, and Joseph Banks, a name familiar to me then, and to most of any who had heard of him at all, as the “botanist” who had accompanied Captain Cook on his voyage to “discover” Australia.

From Edinburgh to Leeds
Not long after this my father stopped working in Edinburgh and went instead to work in Leeds, still with sheep but now mysteriously associated with the “textile industry” and the names Sir Francis Hill and David Knight crept into the family vocabulary. The family didn't follow him to Leeds.

By now we were heading out and away to wherever our own lives were going to take us, and in 1970 my father, with my mother, now a senior consultant psychiatrist in hospitals and homes in the West Country, retired to live in a house in a country village near Bristol. “Retired” my father may have been but not idle.

By 1988 he had completed and published a definitive biography of Sir Joseph Banks. My father, his work begun with youthful optimism to understand and produce a better sheep, ended by lifting the vale of obscurity from 'the botanist who sailed with Captain Cook' to show him as he truly was - Sir Joseph Banks, inspired Godfather of British science in an 'Age of Wonder', and perhaps more than any other, Father of the Australian nation.

Continuing interest
My father’s interests and correspondences continued until near the time of his death in early 2005. Our mother’s death followed three years later to the day but one, in 2008. Thereupon began the task of dismantling the family home and the safeguarding of, as we now fully realised, our father’s double legacy and archive.

Most clear and obvious was the huge collection of his library and documents related to his historical research, now with the 'Sir Joseph Banks Archive' at the University of Nottingham.

And then there was the archive of material directly concerning his own work as a 'sheep scientist'. From out of this emerged the 'memoir' which is a main feature of this blog and knoll, and which reveals at last what was behind the slide shows, the names and the places, the Chev truck and the strange business of snatching neat round circles of skin from a shaven patch on the side of a sheep. The memoir itself was written to assist Charles Massy in writing his monumental work - 'The Australian Merino'.

Comments by Dr T.S.Ch'ang
'TS' was a young newly-recruited scientist at CSIRO at Prospect soon after it opened, and now retired, his 2011 comments are interesting. HB Carter was seen by these young scientists as a rather shadowy aloof figure around the lab, and there was little communication between them in the very hierarchical structure of CSIRO. This was even expressed in the colour of the overalls worn by the different ranks - scientists with white overalls of course!

'The Carter memoir made interesting reading with many, if not most of the names, places and events known to me, which places me in a category of dinosaurs or its near relatives.

'Helen Newton Turner recruited me to initiate and carry out research in CSIRO on meat sheep genetics and breeding in Australia, which may now appear like an after-thought after reading the Carter draft.

'Without the benefit of knowing what or how much Carter had already done in Merino sheep, e.g. such as sampling the Merino Studs for wool genetic studies etc, I also went to the trouble (in 1968) of writing to Dorset Horn Stud Flock owners, South Australian Merino (Collinsville), and some Corriedale ram breeders.

'This was to assemble my collection of experimental sheep for the definitive meat sheep genetics study on 'Arding' - a field station down the road from 'Chiswick'. I even designed and built an abattoir on 'Chiswick' to do slaughter for the carcass work.

'My years at Prospect - a geneticist rubbing shoulders with the physiologists now appear to be pre-ordained by Carter, and not a convenience move in CSIRO after the merging of Divisions, among other reasons to save money!

'A little history does provide perspective - even retrospectively, to see things which otherwise might be viewed as a linear process in time, but it's really a circular motion coming to its logical conclusion'.

Dr Francis William (F.W.) Dry – Career, Memories and Anecdotes

By Dr Clive Dalton

Dr Dry collecting wool fibres from a Drysdale ram at the
MAF Whatawhata Hill Country Research Station in the late 1970s

Francis William Dry

• Born at Driffield, East Riding of Yorkshire, 23 October 1891.
• Elder son of Frank Dry, master draper and his wife Mary Avis Corke.
• Known as William, attended Driffield Boarding School where awarded scholarship to attend Bridlington Grammar School.
• B.Sc. (Leeds) 1913.
• Honours in Zoology (Class 1) 1914.
• M.Sc. (Leeds) 1914.
• Awarded Carnegie Scholarship to visit research institutions in the USA.
• Married Florence Wilson Swinton, at Saginaw, Michegan, USA on 18 May 1921. Had a son and a daughter.
• From 1917-1921 served as assistant entomologist in Kenya.
• Awarded Ackroyd Memorial Research Fellowship at the University of Leeds in 1921.
• D.Sc. (Leeds) 1925.
• 1928. Appointed as Seniour Lecturer in agricultural zoology at the newly founded Massey Agricultural College, Palmerston North, NZ.
• 1929 established flock of hairy Romney sheep at Massey. Work finally reported in detail in 1955.
• Retired from Massey in 1956 and took up honorary fellowship in Department of Textile Industries at Leeds University.
• 1958 Hon Life Member of the NZ Society of Animal Production.
• 1961-62 specialty carpet wool production established under control of Massey College.
• 1963 Dry and his wife returned to Palmerston North where he continued his work on fibre types leading to his book in 1975.
• Hon D.Sc.(Massey University) 1966.
• Hon Fellow of Textile Institute, Manchester 1971.
• O.B.E. (1973).
• Fellow of the NZ Institute of Agricultural Science (1976).
• Died Palmerston North 1979.

'Daddy'
‘Daddy’: FW Dry lived and worked in the days of formality when from school onwards, we males were only addressed by their surnames. In some schools, girls got their surnames too, but more often these were preceded by ‘MISS’, said with cutting emphasis if they were in trouble.

So nicknames became very popular in this era – especially for much-loved and much-hated people we knew. So apparently in Dry’s early days he became ‘Daddy’ behind his back, but always Dr Dry to his face or if in the company of others. He never, ever said – ‘oh call me Francis or Frank or whatever’. He liked to be addressed as Dr Dry.

The term ‘Daddy’ apparently came from the fact that Mrs Dry always referred to him as ‘Daddy’, which he would have been called within the family made up of two children, Avis Mary who was a psychiatrist in Leeds, and David who was a photographer in Palmerston North. Both are deceased.

Dry referred to her as ‘Mammy’, or described her as Mrs Dry in conversations with others. She would never know that “Daddy’ became the name we all used, and which has now gone into the annals of agricultural and New Zealand history.

F.W.Dry Memorial Award
'This Award arises from a fund established in memory of the late Dr F.W. Dry, founding lecturer in Animal Genetics and Wool Science at Massey Agricultural College, and a member of staff from 1928 to 1956'.

Details: The F.W. Dry Memorial Award shall have a value determined each year from the interest earned on the capital and be open to all students undertaking a postgraduate degree or postgraduate diploma in animal science (papers with prefix of 117) at Massey University. The Award will be restricted to candidates specialising in animal breeding, animal genetics, or mammalian fibre science.

Dry’s famous publications

• Dry, F.W. (1924) . The genetics of the Wensleydale breed of sheep. I. The occurrence of black lambs. J. Genet. 14,: 203-218.
• Dry, F.W. (1926). The coat of the mouse (Mus musculus). J. Genetics, 16: 287-340.
• Dry, F.W. (1926). Colour inheritance in the Wensleydale breed of sheep. J. Text. Inst., 17: (30), 180-186.
• Dry, F.W. (1927). Mendelian breeding with Wensleydale sheep. J. Text. Inst., 18: (10), 415-420.
• Dry, F.W. (1928). The agouti coloration of the mouse (Mus musculus) and the rat (Mus norvegicus). J. Genetics, 20: 131-44.
• Dry, F. W. (1932). Some aspects of fertility in sheep. Proceedings of a meeting of sheep breeders, Massey College July 1932.
• Dry, F. W. (1933). Types of hairy fibres in the fleece of the Romney lamb, their identification and importance. Proc. of meeting of sheep breeders, Massey College July 1933, P 38.
• Dry, F.W. (1933a and 1934). Hairy fibres of the Romney sheep. N.Z. Jl. Agric., 46: 10-22, 141-53. 279-88: and 48: 331-43.
• Dry, F.W. (1933b). The pre-natal check in the birthcoat of the New Zealand Romney lamb. J. Text. Inst., 24: T 161-6: N.Z. Jl Sci.Tech., 14: 353-8.
• Dry, F.W. (1935).The early progress of the Romney lamb and features in the development of the fleece. N.Z. Jl Agric., 51 (4): 229-37.
• Dry, F.W. (1936). The genetics of the Wensleydale breeding sheep. J. Genet. 33 (1): 123-34.
• Dry, F.W. (1940). Recent work on the wool zoology of the New Zealand Romney. N.Z. Jl Sci. Tech., A22: 209-20.
• Dry. F.W., McMahon, P.R., Sutherland, J.A. (1940). A mendelian situation in the birthcoat of the New Zealand Romney lamb. Nature, 145: 390-391.
• Dry, F.W. (1952). The genetics and fibre morphology of N-type sheep. N.Z. Sci. Rev.5: 69-71.
• Dry, F.W.; Stephenson, S.K. (1954). Presence or absence of the prenatal check in lambs' birthcoats. Nature, 173: 878.
• Dry, F.W. (1955a). Multifactorial inheritance of halo-hair abundance in New Zealand Romney sheep. Aust. J. agric. Res. 6: 608-23.
• Dry, F.W.(1955b). The dominant N gene in New Zealand Romney sheep. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 6: 725-69.
• Dry, F.W.(1955c). The recessive N gene in New Zealand Romney sheep. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 6: 833-62.
• Dry, F.W. (1956): Twenty years of Mendelian sheep breeding. Proc. N.Z. Soc. Anim. Prod. 16: 130-140.
• Dry, F.W. (1958). Further breeding experiments with New Zealand Romney N-type sheep. Aust. J. agric. Res., 9' 348-62.
• Dry, F.W.(1965a). Lamb fibre types. In Biology of the Skin and Hair Growth. (Lyne, A.G. and Short, B.F., Eds). Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 89-104.
• Dry, F.W.(1965b). Mendelian sheep. Indian J. Genetics and Plant Breeding. 25:113-36. The late Professor Al Rae at Massey told me that he considered this paper a real 'Daddy' classic.

Massey College meetings
Massey University started off as Massey College to train agricultural graduates and farmers. Under their new Principal Geoffrey Peren (later Sir Geoffrey) they started farmers' meetings which became the Massey Sheep Farmers' as well as the Massey Dairy Farmers' Conferences which ran for at least five decades.

Below is the cover of a reprint from one of the first meetings in 1932, sponsored by Romney sheep breeders. From the signatures on the front, the reprint has belonged to R. Waters (an early wool scientist) and Prof Al Rae.

In Prof Peren's opening address he is warning farmers that the government's withdrawal of funds for the college will greatly restrict the research programme, as the four teaching staff will be overloaded. So he was asking for financial help from farmers. This has been a familiar tune over the years.


Here's an advertisement in the Proceedings for the College. The fees were fifty guineas per annum!


Dry's famous book

Dry, F.W. The Architecture of Lambs' Coats. A Speculative Study.
Massey University Press, Palmerston North, NZ 1975



The fly leaf contains the following information:

'Citing many facts and ideas from the following companions':
In Massey University

• F.R.M. Cockrem
• A.S. Fraser
• Nancy Galpin
• H. Goot
• Anthea Helford
• R.J. McIntrye
• P.R.McMahon
• Sundara Narayan
• Hazel Riseborough
• D.A.Ross
• Janet M. Ross
• K.M. Rudall
• S.K. Stephenson
• J.A.Sutherland
• G.A. Wickham
• G.M.Wright

In Leeds University

• Marca Burns
• R.A. Guirgis
• C.E. Nash
• J.A. Knott
• C.G. Priestly
• K.M. Rudall
• H.J.A. Side

Dedication
The book is dedicated ‘To the memory of Harry John Allan Side'.

On the back cover
On the back cover is Daddy's potted history in tiny print you need a lens to read.There is also his photo.
His Massey colleague Bob Barton told me what a difficult job it was to get it. Daddy didn't want a full-frontal mug shot of himself, so the photographer had a hard job to get a side view, resulting in Bob being in the frame.

Dry's acknowledgements
This is written in Dry’s classical English, strongly influenced by his Yorkshire precise and economical form of speech. Yorkshire folk waste nowt –especially words. As you can see, Dry loved commas, as they gave great moment to meaning - and didn't spend much on ink too!
To really appreciate it - read it aloud with a Yorkshire accent.

"Those to whom my thanks are due are far too numerous to mention, but my debt is a very special one to the small number now named. The ways of thought revealed trace very largely to my much mentioned Professor of Zoology, Walter Garstang, and my Professor of Botany, J. H. Priestley. The reaction to the universe of my Professor of Geology, P.F. Kendall, was very colourful and inspiring. He filled his science with mirth.

'If by work you mean doing something you don’t like,' he said, “I have never done a day’ work in my life.” In the lecture boastfully reported above I began by mentioning that early in my very first term the founder of the Department of Agriculture, (at Leeds) Professor R.S. Seaton, had told me to study Mendelism as new capital for livestock breeding. Professor A.F. Barker was my imaginative and inspiring host in the development of Textile Industries at Leeds from 1921-1928.

Three prominent farmers in the Manawatu whose co-operation has been of very great theoreticl and practical significance are Holgar Voss, N.P. Neilsen, and D.A. Scott. In the five years after my depart from what is now Massey University the fibre type work was substantially advanced through the hospitality of Professor J.B. Speakman in his Department of Textile Industries in the University of Leeds.

For many years this work was maintained by the support of the New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and it was through the backing of the former Director-General, Dr W.M Hamilton, and of the Vice-Chancellor of Massey University, Dr A. Stewart, that I was able to address myself to writing this book after the responsibility for exploiting the N-gene had passed to younger hands.

I am grateful to Professor T.L.Bywater, Head of the School of Agricultural Sciences in the University of Leeds, for the opportunity to add to and partly revise the script as a member of the organization in which my first piece of research was started. My stay there gave me several new glimpses of the fibre forests.

My colleague, R.A. Barton, has applied his editorial experience and eagle eyes to the final proofs. Besides matters of construction and convention, he has coped with serious errors, defective words, wrong brackets, and the stance of letters. He has cheerfully worn down a task several times as large as ever it entered my head to imagine."

Footnote (from Tim Johnston, Leeds)
Daddy refers to the Founding Professor of Agriculture as R.S. Seton, who, in fact, was the fourth Professor. The first, James Muir, existed from 1891 to 1896. When the East and West Riding County Councils (CCs) took a 30 year lease on Manor Farm, Garforth where Muir suggested that he should be manager.

The CCs of both Ridings set up a Committee to consider this and decided that not only should he not become the manager but that he should NOT continue as Head of the Dept of Agriculture. After a bit of a wrangle, Muir left in 1897 and became the Instructor in Agriculture for the Somerset CC.

Apparently at Leeds he did the minimum of lectures - in those days mainly 'out-reach' work but spent his time writing a textbook 'Agriculture - Practical and Scientific' 1895, and taking more professional examinations. He was MRAC when appointed but also FHAS, MRASE, PASI when he left.

His successor, Dr James Clark, was dismissed in 1898 for carrying on a business expressly forbidden by his contract with the Yorkshire College. It was subsequently found that his degree of MA, Edinburgh was false, as was his claim of a German PhD. Seton, a Scotsman, was eventually appointed, having applied when Clark was appointed and again on Clark's dismissal. Seton came from the Harris Institute at Preston.

Chapter X. Conclusion
The first paragraph again is classical Dr Dry.

“Fibre type details lend themselves poorly to summarizing. A series of mini-essays could resemble lectures that scratch too much ground. A peroration would have a phoney ring, My thoughts slip back to examinations suffered and imposed. Three procedures to my taste, though not often imposed were:

1. To invite the candidates to present scrappy notes, instead of continuous grammatical discourses.
2. To allow notes and books to be brought to the examination.
3. To let the victims answer whatever number of questions they chose.

As to the last, Professor J.H. Priestly explained it was not what they didn’t know that he wanted to find out, but what they did know. To round off this undertaking permit me to provide a series of questions to be answered under the above rules.

He Daddy goes on to present 14 questions. He ends the book with this paragraph:

‘Garstang became Professor of Zoology – as distinct from Biology- in the University of Leeds near the end of the first decade of the present century. Late in 1969 I enjoyed the fun of giving a lecture to the advanced students of Animal Husbandry in the School of Agricultural Sciences of my University sixty years and a few days after going up as a fresher. This was on work on sheep which traced in curiously numerous ways, mundane as well as fanciful, to Garstang.’


Copy in Leeds School of Agriculture library
His copy donated to the old Leeds School of Ag Dept Library has the following inscription:

'With my compliments and lively thanks to the librarians who looked after me in the years 1968 and 1969. Thereby, in my opinion, this story was improved considerably’.

Unsold copies at Massey
Dr George Wickham remembers that the book ended up as ‘the baby’ of Massey Vice Chancellor, Dr Alan Stewart as it was paid for by the University. The Massey Sheep Department were always very skeptical about whether it should be published considering it’s out-of-date technology. There were many copies left unsold.

Typical pages in the back with many pictures of his classified fibre arrays.

Recollections & correspondence ( From Lance Wiggins)
Although not a student of Dr Dry he treated me like one when I joined the NZ Wool Board in 1972. His first contact with me was the following letter which arrived shortly after I began my job in Wellington. I of course was flattered.
Kathleen (my wife) student-flatted in his house in Karaka Street in Palmerston North while Dr Dry was in England in the 1960’s.

(Dr Dry’s Letter)
5 Karaka Street
Palmerston North
New Zealand.
26.11.72

My dear Lance Wiggins
I’ve got to call you something not too formal. For I realize in a way we are related by marriage, two marriages. I understand that in the event of my grandchildren becoming orphans, your wife’s sister would become their guardian.

Concerning Tuki Tuki. After talking on the telephone a time or two, in the course of which I told Mr. Coop that husbandry considerations should decide the shearing date, he concluded that they should be shorn in the week now beginning. He thinks it best not to wait until the first week in January. Their coats are growing fast, and, too, he wants the second shearing not to be thrown too late. So I am to proceed to Tuki Tuki on Wednesday November 29th to sample the animals I sampled earlier.

Yesterday and the day before I was at a conference of the N.Z. Branch of the N.Z. Institute. Dr. Gerald Laxer (or the) Deputy Director of the I.W.S. spoke on The Future of Textile Technology. Looking ahead, over ten years, he said that he expects wool like Drysdale to be very much wanted ten years from now. Which, I take to mean, all the time between now and then, and afterward too.

I saw Dr. Don Ross at the same gathering. I hope you will be able to see him. Mr. Gemmell of U.E.B. was there, but instead of staying until the second day I discovered he had departed the previous evening. So not a word did I have with him.

At the same event I met two members of the firm of N.Z. Woolpacks and Textiles Ltd., Mr. A.L. Muir, “Plant Manager” and Mr. A. A. Wells, “Works Manager”. I learnt that this Foxton firm, by way of diversification, makes some carpet yarns, importing Scottish Blackface wool, material which does not greatly please them, for the hard core of their blend. About half of the yarn is exported, I think to Australia. Not surprisingly they would like some Tukidale, Cumberdale, Drysdale, if so it should be in memory of a former Chairman of the Massey Council.

There is a lot more I want to discuss with you. I will see if I can get you on the telephone in Wellington, on, probably, January 3rd, when we expect to hand this house back to our son.
Much happiness to you and your family in projected movements.

Kind regards,
“Ernest” Dry
Too little time to explain how I got that name.


Dr Dry visited me on several occasions to discuss his work and to ensure that I understood its importance and commercial significance. At the time he was very excited by Malcolm Coop’s “Tukidales” and suggested that I visit him. A very worthwhile visit with a very hospitable farmer.

My enduring memory is of Dry falling asleep in my office mid sentence and feeling terrified that he was dead - yet only two minutes later he woke to continue where he had left off. Most unnerving.

Because of our distant family connection we invited him home on one occasion to stay for the night. When he met Kathleen for the first time and learned that she was a primary teacher he gave us his philosophy on the worth of educators to society. His view was that primary school teachers had the most important and demanding job in education teaching the young to read and write while university teachers taught the more intelligent and able who wanted to learn.
He would reverse their positions and pay the primary teachers a professor’s salary and vice versa.


Hairy shaker disease (from Tim Johnson, Leeds)
I met Daddy Dry when he was visiting Leeds in Spring 1970. He was in the house in Lifton Place and one morning when walking in from Headingly he found a dead squirrel in the gutter at Hyde Park and brought it into the Zoology Department. He was surprised and disappointed that they were not interested in dissecting it!

One day Professor Bywater (HOD) asked me if I would take Dry to Knighton in Radnorshire so that he could visit farms and take wool samples from new-born lambs because Dry believed that the birthcoat fibres could indicate those with Scrapie.

We set off from Leeds in my new car with Mrs Dry (Mammy) in the back. Along the way I saw her through the mirror buttering bread to make a sandwich. I was not amused. We arrived at the Hotel in Knighton and the manageress appeared. Mrs D said 'Oh, it hasn't changed since we were here seven years ago'. Yes , said the manageress we haven't decorated anything.

She then announced to Mrs D – ‘you are on the second floor and Mr D is on the third’. Mammy D turned to me and said 'we have separate rooms because he sleeps with the window open and I sleep with it closed.

Dry had arranged for us to visit several farmers that were into their lambing season. It was a cold Easter time and we would get onto a farm in biting winds and the farmer would hold a lamb while D snipped of a few fibres and put the into a labeled envelope in his inside raincoat pocket.

These fibres would later be examined under a microscope to see the tips:

• Straight = Normal
• Curled = Scrapie.

He had battles with the Veterinary profession who poopood his thesis. One day at lunch, Mrs D said that she had been listening to the Government Medical Officer for Health at a Conference in Brighton who had said that anybody at 80 years old should be able to select euthanasia. She poked Dr D with the comment 'only two years Daddy'.

On the Saturday we were to return to Leeds, but I was staying near Burton on Trent so I took them to Derby Station. As we set off, Mrs D said that she needed a pint of milk (What, in the Welsh borders?). We suddenly saw a milk tanker so she said stop him for a pint of milk, please. I didn't

We got to Derby Railway Station at about 3-00pm and I thought where the hell can we find milk: she will have to get it at Leeds. However, I nipped out of the car and told them to get out with their luggage while I went into the street. Believe it or not, there was a milk float returning to its depot. I bought a pint, took it back and dumped it in Mrs D's lap! They went for the train and I went home.

The stuffed rooster (from the late Graeme Hight)
Daddy always used to come into the class to deliver his genetics lectures with a stuffed rooster under one arm and his yellowing notes under the other. He never did get round to using this avian visual aid. At least they all remembered that even if they forgot everything else.

Other old students remember that he always came to class with a stack of textbooks which he never referred to.

The dustbin on the bus (from the late Graeme Hight)
Daddy arrived at Massey University on the bus one morning with the dustbin under his arm. When it was pointed out to him, he then remembered that he meant to leave it at the gate to be emptied.

Cricket analogies (from Clive Dalton)
Daddy being a good Yorkshireman knew his cricket.When he was at Whatawhata we worked out that the carpet company UEB who had control of supplying Drysdale rams had been supplying heterozygous rams as well as homozygous ones. Using the heterozygous ones meant it took longer to product the real high quality carpet fibre.

I suggested to Daddy that he should contact the big cheeses at UEB and get stuck into them. His reply in his carefully chosen Yorkshire prose was:

‘No, No, I think not. When I retire, there were two things I swore I would no do – one was to step out of my crease, and the other was to hit the ball in the air’!

Dry at the NZ Society of Animal Production conferences (from Clive Dalton)
In the 1970s – 80s Dry was regularly attended the APS conferences and always sat in the very front row. At question time he would stand up not being able to hear that someone else had grabbed the floor.

He would sort of ‘unfold’ from his seat and always had the manners to half turn around to address the audience as he offered his ‘observation – not a question Mr Chairman’. It was regularly about when the work had been done 40 years ago (which the current young scientist didn’t know!) and how the answer was a lemon then too.

Once when chairing a session I stupidly handed him the microphone so we could hear his comments, and then had a hell of a job getting it back off him to shut him up. I was looking for the plug to pull it out.
‘Thank you Dr Dry, Thankyou Dr Dry, THANK YOU DR DRY’, didn’t seem to work! Lesson - never give Daddy the microphone

'I’ll just go and get Daddy for you' (from Boyd Wilson)
My closest encounters with Daddy Dry were in Palmerston North, perhaps 1972. I was then the NZ Farmer southern bloke (yes, bloody Aucklanders reckoned the Manawatu was in the centre of the South Island). Anyway, I think Daddy initiated the relationship when he confirmed what he proclaimed as a "new" hairy gene in Romneys in the Coop family flock at Tukituki, Hawke's Bay. I think it was Daddy who named the sheep "Tukidales." Can't recall details: I think they were confirmed homozygotes and they were good enough sheep, but suspect they soon became old news.
I can still hear old Mrs D's voice whenever I phoned to check on a fact: ‘I'll just go and get Daddy for you’.

I can’t find my bike anywhere (from Geoffrey Moss)
There were some great characters on the Massey staff when I was a student (part time) there over 1948-53 and Dr Dry, our genetics lecturer, was a real ‘absent-minded professor’. One night very late he knocked on my door and asked if I owned a motorbike, and if so, would I mind running him home? 'I must have come out from town this morning on the bus because I can’t find my bike anywhere,' he explained.

He was a respected academic and a likeable eccentric and we were all fond of him so I took him home on the back of my Harley with a heavy pack on his back.

Each evening he would go home with two big Winchester jars full of Massey water in his pack because he and Mammy Dry refused to drink the city's chlorinated water. He did this for years and everyone knew about it.

We had an oral and a written exam for the genetics final exams. In the written exam we were permitted to take in any books we liked, but the questions were so designed that books were useless. My oral exam was held late at night. When I entered, Dr Dry invited me to sit down. 'Tell me all you know about eugenics', he said, as he proceeded to pull out a loaf of bread, a bread knife, some butter and a pot of jam and have his evening meal.


Brown envelopes and black velvet (from Clive Dalton)
When ready for the field, Daddy always carried his set of gear in the deep inside pockets of his fading brown Gabadine raincoat. Any hope of it turning rain had long gone. His gear consisted of:

• One pair of surgical scissors with upturned points.
• A pack of brown ‘government’ envelopes held by a thick elastic band.
• Pointed tweezers.
• A piece of black velvet about 6 inches square to put on his knee to show up white fibres for inspection.
• Small lens.
• A sandwich

His headgear was either an English style cap or a gamekeepers helmet with side flaps to tie under his chin if things got really rough.

A fibre waiting for an array (from Clive Dalton)
When at Whatawhata, we gave Daddy the full run of the wool lab to examine the samples he’d collected for the station’s Drysdale rams that day. Here he had more black velvet laid out as well as the contents of the brown envelopes, all with information in his spidery handwriting.

I went to the station one evening and saw the lights on in the lab and there he was sorting his fibres into his famous ‘arrays’. He had one fibre in a pair of tweezers when I went in and he held it there for at least half an hour of our discussions. I sort of followed him around the lab in our chat and he never let go of the fibre. I bet he knew into which ‘array’ it fitted - probably one of his favourite ‘Super sickle fibres’.

N type sheep as lawn mowers (from Clive Dalton)
The Massey Sheep Department under Prof Geoffrey Peren got tired of Dry’s hairy rams on the farm and they came under threat of slaughter. At that time, Peren was driving research in the crossing of the Cheviot on to the Romney to develop a more productive active sheep for hard hill country. The result in time became 'the Perendale' breed.

Dry was strongly advised to find his sheep, especially the rams a new home. Daddy solved the problem by farming them out to his friends in Palmerston North who tethered their allocated sheep to graze their lawns or back sections. If they had all gone to the butcher, the Drysdale and its great contribution to the New Zealand carpet trade would never have happened.

A brand new Raleigh 20 (from Clive Dalton)
When Daddy finally came back to New Zealand from Leeds, by then well into his 80s, he must have gone ‘right daft’ for a Yorkshireman who was always canny with his ‘brass’ . To everyone’s amusement and amazement, he bought a brand new Raleigh 20! This bike with its small wheels, low crossbar and good sound carrier was 'top of the line' at the time. Everyone commented that Daddy clearly had no intentions of giving up the struggle for a while yet, which was true.

None of the recorded anecdotes ever mentions Daddy driving a car.


Ruakura Farmer's Conference. Hairy genes in New Zealand

Drysdale staple from one-year fleece

When we started a Drysdale flock at the Whatawhata Research Station to be included in our breed comparison trials, we gave a paper at the Ruakura Farmer’s Conference which was published in the 1973 Conference Proceedings. Here are some bits from it:

DC Dalton, ML Bigham and LK Wiggins.
Special Carpet-wool Sheep.
Proceedings of the Ruakura Farmer’s Conference, 1973. 21-33.

The N gene

Drysdale rams showing the hairy fleece and strong horns

This gene was discovered in a Romney ram by Dr Dry in a flock owned by Mr Neilson of Palmerston North; hence the symbol N given to it by Dr Dry. Dry worked out the basic inheritance of the gene over a period of years and its action is now fairly clearly understood.

The two most important features of the N gene are that it is almost completely dominant, and it influences the lamb birth coat as well as the adult fleece. It seems essential to a successful hairy sheep-breeding programme that all breeders should be familiar with the classification of lambs’ birth coats, and should include birth-coat classification into their basic flock recording.

The horns on the Drysdale increase management problems, but as yet no effective solution has been found to banishing them either by genetic or by non-genetic means. Few hairy sheep in the world appear to be free from horns.

The T gene

Dr Dry with what we think is a Tukidale.
Photo from Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand

This gene was discovered by Mr M.W.Coop of Tuki Tuki in Hawkes Bay in 1966 in a hairy ram lamb which had been reared as a pet lamb. It was found to be a dominant gene (called T after the farm) which caused complete hair cover especially in the Tt sheep.

There were no apparent birth coat variations with the T gene as with the N gene. This makes identification of genetic makeup impossible without progeny testing. Because the fleeces of the heterozygous Tt are completely hairy, the transition form ordinary wool to a specialty carpet wool is achieved in one cross.

Horns are linked with the hairy fleece as with the N gene, except that all the Tt ewes have short spiky horns and the rams have heavy horns. Performance traits of the Tukidale are similar to the Romney.

The K gene
Professor K.B. Cumberland and his son Garth obtained two hairy rams and seven hairy ewes from a Mr L. Johnstone at Te Puke. Some hair sheep from this farm were also transferred to the property of Mr B. Johnstone of Kamano near Cheltenham. Initial test mating were carried out by the Cumberlands in 1972 to see if the sheep were carrying a dominant gene, and the results indicate that they were. The named it the K gene.

Mr B. Johstone considers that the K gene is the same as the N gene but Dr Dry has found no evidence to suggest that the K gene differs from the T gene and is firmly convinced that the K and T differ from the N gene.

These sheep and their progeny are now being used to breed a new carpet-wool breed based solely on Perendales which have high fertility, open faces, easy-care traits and fleeces of low lustre and high resilience. Carpet sheep derived from the N, T or K gene mated to high-fertility Perendale ewes are to be called 'Carpetmasters' and will be designated Carpetmaster N, T or K depending on what gene is present.


The B gene
In addition to the K gene, the Cumberlands have also found the B gene which Dr Dry considers to be different from N, T and K genes. The gene originated from a southern Hawkes Bay flock in 1972. The ram had a very low fleece weight and though his progeny have not been shorn as hoggets, they appear to also have low fleece weight which could eliminate this gene from commercial use.

There is some evidence however, that this sheep is producing wool similar t that produced by Indian carpet-wool breeds. This wool is comparatively fine and very highly regarded by the trade.

Drysdale breeding
Dr Dry worked all this out in his work at Massey. It’s the classical ratios ‘discovered’ the famous Austrian monk, Gregor Mendel in his garden where he grew sweet peas – subsequently called ‘Mendelism”.

Generations of students have been put off animal breeding by having this information hammered into them by lecturers who didn’t seem to realise it had little application in large animal breeding – unless you were breeding Drysdale sheep or the horns off cattle!

This was the notation used for the genes at the time:

1. (NN x NN = all NN).
This is the Drysdale crossed with a Drysdale. Both parents are homozygous with the dominant allele ‘N’.

2. (nn x nn + all nn).
This is the Romney x Romney which gives all Romneys. Both parents are homozygous and have the recessive allele ‘n’

3. (NN x nn = all Nn)
This is the Drysdale x Romney where all the offspring are heterozygotes.

4. (NN x Nn = 1NN: 1 Nn)
This is the Drysdale crossed back across the heterozygote to give straight Drysdales and heterozgotes in the ratio of 1:1.

5. (Nn x Nn = 1NN: 2 Nn: 1nn)
This is crossing two heterozygotes which produces all three types, straight Drysdales, more heterozygotes and straight Romneys, always in this 1:2:1 ratio.


Updated symbol for alleles (From Dr George Wickham)
Information produced for article in NZ Black and Coloured Sheep Breeders Association publication, 19??. This shows the updated terminology the COGNOSAG (Committee on the Genetic Nomenclature of Sheep and Goats). Dr Wickham adds that things will change once gene mapping advances further knowledge.

The Drysdale arose as an offshoot of the Romney. In the 1930s some wool manufacturers criticised Romney wool as being too hairy for their products. As part of a research program into the problem a flock of sheep with extremely medullated wool was selected and studied. By the 1950s these sheep had been intensively studied from a genetic and a wool growth point of view.

The descendants of two of the original rams introduced into the flock were shown to have a semi-dominant gene (initially named N, then Nd , later HH1N ) and the wool of these sheep was like that of the Scottish Blackface, a type needed as part of the wool blend for some sorts of carpets. At this time there was a shortage of this type of wool and, at one stage, Blackface wool was selling at a higher price that average Merino wool. HH was the code for High Halo Hair.

During the 1960s, commercial flocks of Drysdales were established by mating rams homozygous for the N gene to Romney and a few Perendale ewes. Lambing performance of the flocks which have descended from these have tended to be like that of Romney flocks. Initially there was a marked advantage in terms of profits from wool. Although still tending to be slightly in favour of the Drysdale this advantage declined as numbers and total wool production increased to the point where supply more-closely matched demand. Another factor in this equation is a tendency for most manufacturers of wool carpets to now use fibre blends that contain less medullated wool.

Most of the sheep we farm have been selected for a type of fleece in which all fibres are relatively similar in size and nature. In contrast a Drysdale fleece is a mixture of fibres which can differ markedly. About 25% by numbers are medullated (hollow). Some of these are kemps which only grow for a few months and moult when a new fibre starts to grow. These tend to be over 100 microns in diameter and 50-100mm long (unless cut at shearing).

Other medullated fibres are finer (50-90 microns) and grow continuously (about 20mm per month). Most (in terms of numbers but not weight) are finer still (15-45 microns) non-medullated and continuously growing (about 10mm per month). Thus the mean diameter (micron) used to classify other types of wool is meaningless in Drysdales.

Two similar breeds first arose in New Zealand but are now only found in Australia. The Tukidale was developed using another, more-dominant, allele at the N (HH1) locus (HH1T). This was found in a Romney flock. The Carpetmaster breed was developed partly from descendants of a carpet-wooled ram found in a Border Leicester x Romney flock. This ram carried a gene at the N locus that might have been identical to the gene in Tukidales. Sheep carrying the Nd were also introduced into Carpetmaster flocks.

Memory: Dr Doug Lang when at Massey as students spent quite a bit of time helping Doc. Doug and I used to go off together with Dr Dry on our push bikes. We developed a technique to allow us to get home before midnight when it came to culling etc.

One of us would read the sheep's ear tag and then we would leave him to mull over his thoughts (talking to himself and maybe us) for 2-3 minutes, and then we would make the decision for him on the basis of what we had heard. If we left him to his own thoughts it could take half an hour for one sheep.

Looking back, what was Dry's contribution?

A memorable photo I took at the Whatawhata Hill Country Research Station in the early 1980s.
Stockman Ian McMillan holds a Drysdale ram, and Dr Murray Bigham is doing the recording for Dr Dry.

From Dr George Wickham
I suspect Dry's main contribution was interacting with graduate students. Some of the early Massey graduates had a pretty significant effect on New Zealand, Australian and UK animal production, and Dry probably had a significant effect on their thinking.

Ted Clarke and Al Rae, although only partly with him, were instrumental in sheep and cattle breeding. McMeekan's early papers on pig genetics suggest a Dry input in his graduate research.

Of those working on wool directly with him, Nancy Galpin extended our knowledge of follicle development, went to work with Wildman at Torridon in Leeds but didn't continue. Pat McMahon did a great job in Australia straightening out thinking on the relationship between wool traits and processing, and Don Ross extended this in NZ.

I think the mouse hair growth paper probably was his most important research. It really set the scene for a great deal of subsequent research on hair cycles in other species and the control and onset of different phases. The lamb fibre type studies have been unrewarding and if the same time had been put into other studies, that time might have been better used.

The work on the genetics of the Drysdale had a pretty big effect on the viability of carpet manufacture in NZ at a time when carpeting and carpet yarn was difficult to market unless it contained about 10-20% of medullated wool. If the manufacturers had continued to get their medullated wool from UK (often very poor stuff), they would not have lasted as long as they did. I suspect the farmers did not do as well out of the Drysdales as the processors did.

Dry got very obsessed with fibre type work and why he didn't move sideways to examine the validity of some of the theories he hatched needs to be considered.

I guess his training in Zoology at a time when Zoology was an observation and classification- based science with little experimentation was a major factor. It seems likely that his move into Mendelism was a little late and he never developed good skills in experimental design.

Also, while he encouraged post-grad students to approach new people in other fields and to broaden the techniques available to them, he did little to try new techniques himself. Despite being a great conference attender in New Zealand, he was fairly introverted, and this might have been a factor in his reluctance to move outside his comfort zone.

Memorial to the Drysdale
All that remains of the many Drysdale flocks

The Merinos of George III – H.B. Carter’s history of breeding, Royalty, Sir Joseph Banks and intrigue.

By Dr Clive Dalton


'His Majesty’s Spanish Flock. Sir Joseph Banks and the Merinos of George III of England'.
H.B. Carter, 1964.
Angus and Robertson. First published in 1964.

H.B. Carter and Merino sheep arrive at Leeds University
This story starts when I was a Lecturer in the Department of Agriculture at the University of Leeds from 1959-1968, and Harold Carter arrived 'out of the blue' in 1965 with a flock of Merino sheep which were pastured at the University farm at Headley Hall.

None of us on the staff were told anything about them by our Head of Department, Professor T.L. Bywater, and certainly none of us who lectured in 'Animal Husbandry' knew anything about Merinos. I can only remember looking at them once, as they and Carter were 'off the radar' on visits to the farm with students. The sheep never seemed to move from their allocated area at Spen farm, unlike the other sheep which rotated over a wide area on the farm as they were integrated into a mixed farming operation.

So I was interested to learn from my former colleague, Senior Lecturer Geoff Boaz's book (see later) that the sheep flock was made up of purebred Merinos and some Cheviot x Merinos. The latter must have been produced at the University of Edinburgh's 'Animal Breeding Research Organisation' (ABRO) as part of Carter's research.

Meeting Carter
I can only remember brief meetings with Carter outside the Textile Department on my way to lunch at the Senior Common Room. I can't remember him ever being in the Agriculture Department. Carter assumed that (as a sheep enthusiast) I would know all about Merinos, and hence would have an interest in his recently published book on His Majesty's Spanish Flock. He lent me a copy which I soon returned unread, as Merino history and mad English Kings were not my priority at the time.

I was more concerned about getting out of the place, after the University Grant's Committee had declared that Leeds, Glasgow and Oxford should close down their 'Agriculture' degree courses and teach more 'Agricultural Science'. This was the start of a major 'shambles' in agricultural eduction in UK, the effects of which have been very long lasting which I've been happy to watch from afar.

I remember when I started asking who Carter was, and how we had this world expert on Merinos in the Textile Department, with his weird sheep grazing at the University farm, I was told very much on the quiet, that he had overstayed his welcome at ABRO, and had landed in our midst to find a home.

Aussie v Kiwi
Knowing the personality of H.P. (Hugh) Donald, Director of ABRO, it wasn't difficult to suspect that the relationship between Carter and Donald would have had problems. Donald would in a very short time have seen Carter as a threat. And after decades in New Zealand, I can well imagine our 'trans-Tasman rivalry' being alive and well between them.

One of Donald's staff described him as 'acerbic' till he tool a liking to you, and then you were 'great mates'. Donald had been at Massey College in New Zealand (now Massey University) with C.P. McMeekan (and both had similar personalities). I can see now that they would have made a very good pair - a pair that inevitably had to go their separate ways, which they did.

Comment from Dr Michael Ryder
Dr M. L. Ryder is a biology graduate of Leeds University, but took his research degrees in the Textile Department and began his career at the Wool Industries Research Association. He spent three years as Senior Lecturer in Wool at Armidale in NSW (1960-62) and then 25 years in Edinburgh, first at the Animal Breeding Research Organisation and latterly at the Hill Farming Research Organisation. He is now an independent author and textile fibre consultant based in Southampton. Dr Ryder is perhaps best known for his use of textile remains to follow the evolution of different fleece types, and this forms a theme of his book Sheep and Man (Duckworth, 1983). ISBN 0-7156-1655-2.

It was from Armidale that he returned to ABRO to the staff vacancy created by Carter's departure, and he remembers that Donald forbade ABRO staff to let Carter take any microscope slides etc., with him when preparing to leave for Leeds. Ryder said the technician in charge of the slides was put in the embarrassing situation of having to refuse Carter when he came asking for items. At the same time Donald asked Ryder not to work on the Merinos, although he made more and more observations on them over time. Ryder described his contacts with Carter as meagre and unhappy.

Why didn't Carter join the Leeds Agriculture Department?
On paper, Carter would have fitted much better into the Agriculture Department at Leeds, but presumably he didn't get an invitation from Bywater. The prospect of his sheep arriving and taking over the 25 acres previously used by Boaz's research flock for fat lamb production, must have involved some decisions that I was not privy to, as Boaz was very protective of his sheep work. He would certainly not let me get involved in any of it having arrived in the Department with a Ph.D in sheep breeding.

It would be interesting to know how much pressure Bywater was put under to take Carter and his sheep, and how high up the tree this came from. Donald and Bywater were certainly not bosom pals, but Bywater was very interested in breeding and genetics, so maybe he saw some kudos from having these unique sheep on the farm, without giving shelter to their supervisor.

I remember that the feeling around the place was that both Carter and his sheep were definitely becoming a nuisance, and neither were ever referred to in friendly terms. In any case, none of us in the Agriculture Department knew anything about wool, although we lived in the heart of the UK textile industry. Wool kept a sheep warm and had to be 'clipped' once a year - and that was about our total knowledge.

There was certainly no liaison between the School of Agriculture and the Textile Department. Dr Michael Ryder reinforced this by reminding me of the work of Marca Burns, F W Dry, Graham Priestly, Harry Side and Peter Speakman (son of J.B. Speakman), all of whom worked on wool in the Textile Department before the age of synthetic fibres.

There was also no contact between the Agriculture Department and The Wool Industries Research Association (WIRA) in Headingly. I passed it every day and once even called in to a very warm welcome by A.B. Wildman, head of the Wool Biology section and was amazed at their work and relevance it had to the wool industry worldwide.

Carter and Dry in residence at Leeds
We started to view Carter in the same way we did Dr F.W. (Daddy) Dry, who was also holed up in the Textile Department on one of his many trips back to Leeds from New Zealand. For the 20+ years Dry was at Massey, Dr George Wickham told me he kept his house in Leeds for when he had his visits back there. Everyone referred to him as 'Daddy' (not to his face) as Mrs Dry called him that (see my blog on Dr Dry).

It's only now that I realise that with Dry and Carter around the Textile Department at the same time on the same campus, we had the world’s top experts on skin follicles, with Dry at the coarse end and Carter at the Superfine end! What a photo that would have been for the archives!

On Dry's last visit to Leeds before I left in 1968, he must have got evicted from the Textile Department and Bywater must have been persuaded to take him in, as in Dry's book, he thanks Professor Bywater of 'The School of Agricultural Sciences' (one of the new name they came up with to survive) for his support.

I was thrilled when I learned that Daddy had taken over my office after I left, so clearly they must have flown the Textile Department. George Wickham when he did his Ph.D in the Textile Department remembers Dry being housed in a prefab beside the big flash Textile building, which George says was knocked down, probably leaving Daddy and his fibres open to the sky! It was an effective way to get rid of him!

Merinos at Leeds
In Geoff Boaz's book (see later) he says that the Merino sheep were under Carter's total control after he arrived from Edinburgh in 1965, but after he retired in 1970, the flock came under the control of the Leeds University Farm.

It was interesting that Farm Manager, John Dalley told me he was not allowed any say regarding the management of the sheep, but remembers them being a real problem with flystrike and footrot which Fred Cass the shepherd (who rode his bike around the farm without a dog) would have to attend to. John remembers the Department lecturer in Veterinary Science, Ken Towers being heavily involved in their care.

So apparently Boaz took over care of the sheep until they ran into problems with Johne's disease, (reported in Boaz's book). Boaz doesn't say what year this happened. The Johne's outbreak triggered the decision to slaughter all the sheep because they were too big a risk to the two dairy herds on the farm (one Red Poll and the other Jersey).

Boaz also reported in is book that some crossbred sheep went to a local farmer and a couple of rams had been used by Professor Care at the University for research on the ability of skin to heal quickly. So these missed the chop. Care must have recognised that Merino skin heals quickly after the mutilation they can get from shearing and the practice of mulesing to prevent blowfly attack around the britch.

Boaz also mentions that Merino rams had been used at the MAF Experimental Husbandry Farms (EHFs) for crossbreeding trials, so presumably they were supplied from the Leeds University flock. Our nearest EHF farm was at High Mowthorpe on the Yorkshire Wolds which we visited regularly with students.

Carter in the Leeds University Textile Department
Presumably, after falling out with Donald at ABRO, Carter must have persuaded Prof Speakman, Head of the Textile Department to find him an office. Carter and Speakman were old friends, and Speakman was a major speaker at the 1955 International Wool Textile Conference in Sydney. Charles Massy in his book (see later) stresses that Carter and Speakman were kindred spirits and almost visionaries on the need to take a 'holistic' approach to improving the Merino fleece. Their views were ignored for more than four decades according to Massy.

Former staff of the Textile Department contacted by Tim Johnson, former lecturer in the the School of Agricultural Sciences said they only knew Carter as 'a name on a door', and he certainly did no research in the Department that they were aware of.

Carter certainly managed to get himself some respectable titles. The archives at Leeds show this in the University Calendar:

• H.B.Carter, Hon. Lecturer in Textile Chemistry 1963/64 - 1969/70, latterly in that period as Hon Fellow in Textile Chemistry.

In documents found by Richard Carter in H.B Carter's file from the Royal Society of Edinburgh it states that he was 'appointed as a 'Seniour Principal Scientific Officer, ABRO, ARC, Edinburth in May 1954 to January 1970' when he retired. So that explains his 'honorary lecturship' at Leeds. Leeds University got him for free, paid for by the ARC!

A photo caption clue
This is in the incredible book ' The Australian Merino' by Charles Massy (second edition 2007), Random House Australia, ISBN 978-1-74166-692-2. The book is an outstanding example of dedicated scholarship over what must have taken many years of research and travel, all around the world where there was the slightest chance of finding a Merino type sheep. The book has 1262 pages and weighs 3.6kg. If there was ever a book that should be available on an e-reader, this must be it, as it's impossible to read it on your lap and certainly not in bed!


Massy talks of visiting Carter on his trips to UK and wanting him to write the Foreword to the book, but sadly although Carter had been willing, his illness prevented this. Instead he got Dr Ken Ferguson to write about Carter for the foreword. It's here on the page before the foreword that the photo of Carter at Leeds appears - presumably taken by Massy. I can recognise the old shed at Spen farm.

It's in the caption to this photo that we find a wonderful clue to what Carter did at Leeds. Here's what it reads:

'Harold Carter (on the left) and David Knight examining a fine-wood Australian-blood ram at the Leeds research station, UK - c1965. David Knight, then Director of the UK's largest top maker Sir James Hill & Sons (and later Vice President of the British Wool Federation), was a pioneer of Objective Measurement and Total Quality Management in British mills.

In 1965, he was able to place Harold Carter with three assistants, in a laboratory on one of Hill & Co's Leeds mills. This was a pioneering effort to link biological and genetic knowledge in industry performance of the wool fibre; and only pre-empted by the Brno Sheep Breeders' Society in 1814.'

So for those in the Leeds Textile Department who only saw Carter as a 'name on a door' - and suspected he did little for his pay, they should have known that 'he were 'down in't mill'!

With three assistants he must have got through a pile of work which no doubt is in his personal archives, described to me as meticulously documented, by his son Professor Richard Carter of the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Edinburgh's Ashworth Laboratories .


Tribute by Dr Ken Ferguson
Dr Ken Ferguson, BVSc., Ph.D., FACVS.

Harold Burnell Carter (1910-2003) graduated in 1932 from the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney and the next year he was appointed as a Research Officer in the Australian Estates and Mortgage Company on their NSW properties with field headquarters at the Tyrie Station, Dandaloo in Western NSW with bench space at the F.D. McMaster Laboratory in the grounds of the Sydney Vet school.

He resigned in 1936, concluding after three years of visiting sheep studs, that a coherent base of fundamental research was needed to improve the quantity and quality of Australian wool production. Such information was also required to breed resistance to such conditions as fleece rot and blowfly strike.

He was appointed Walter and Eliza Hall Fellow in Veterinary Science and with a research remit to study the biology of the skin and fleece, with special reference to the Merino. There had been no such work done in Australia and he decided to start with visits to South Africa, Great Britain and the USA. In Leeds he collaborated with A.B. Wildman to outline a concept of the hair follicle group applicable to all sheep.

On his return to Sydney he as again located at the McMaster Laboratory where he established a histology unit to continue his study of the wool follicle while keeping in contact with various studs taking fleece and skin samples for analysis. He persuaded the Chief of his Division, Lionel Bull to establish housing for sheep in single pens with facilities for feed mixing, parasite analysis and a surgery.

Carter's ability to convince CSIRO of the need for these facilities extended to planning their postwar expansion and relocation to a new site at Prospect west of Sydney. This was based on the intent to counter increasing competition from cotton, synthetic fibres and alternative land uses such as cattle and crops. At that time wool accounted for over 50% of Australia's export income and had a greater diversity of qualities that most agricultural products.

Despite his role in planning the new facilities and his extensive knowledge of the wool industry, Carter was not appointed Officer in Charge of the Prospect Laboratory, possibly because he did not agree to the exclusion of genetic research from the Prospect research programme.

In 1954 he resigned from CSIRO to accept a senior position with the Animal Breeding Research Organisation in Edinburgh. There is little doubt that Harold Carter was the most important figure in establishing the post-war biological research facilities for the wood industry in Australia, and leading the research on the histology of the wool follicle'.

Richard Carter's memories of his father's work in Australia
Unless you have seen the endless horizon and sky of outback Australia, it's hard to realise the effort involved in visiting sheep stations, some the size of European countries. Richard remembers his father talking about journeys by air on Douglas DC3 and Dakota planes which pioneered outback air travel. But Richard says most of his father's travel was done in a grey, battered, Chevrolet truck which were robust enough for the long dusty farm roads and tracks between Sydney and Adelaide and beyond. Richard says ex army WWII Jeeps were very popular on outback farms too.


Publications

A few selected papers where Carter was joint author 1954-58.
Published in the Australian Journal of Agricultural Research.
Reprints were always had green covers. Age has faded these.

Carter was a very accomplished researcher as you can see from some of his published papers:

• Belschner, H. G. & Carter, H.B. (1936). Fleece charasteristics of Stud Merino sheep in relation to the degree of wrinkliness of the skin of the breech. I, II and III. Aust. Vet. J. 12: 43-55, 80-92, and 13: 16-31.
• Wildman, A.B., Carter, H. B. (1939). Fibre follicle terminology in the Mammalia. Nature, 144: 783-4.
• Carter, H.B. (1939). Fleece density and the histology of the Merino skin. Aust. Vet. J. 15: 210-213.
• Carter, H.B. (1939). A histological technique for the estimation of the follicle population per unit area of skin in sheep. J. of Council for Sci. & Ind. Res. (Aust) 12(3):250-258.
• Carter, H.B. (1940). Some fundamental aspects of the structure of the Merino fleece. Aust. J. Sci. 2(5): 143-146.
  
• Carter, H. B. (1941). The influence of plane of nutrition on the growth of skin in the Merino. J.Aust. Inst. agric. Sci. 3: 101-102.
• Carter, H. B. (1943). Studies in the biology of the skin and fleece of the sheep. 1. The development and general histology of the follicle group in the skin of the Merino. Bull. Coun. scient. Ind. Res., Melb., No. 164: 220, 26, 227.
• Carter, H. B. (1955). “The Australian Merino”. NSW Sheepbreeders Association.
• Carter, H. B. (1955). The hair follicle group in sheep. Anim. Breed. Abs. 23: 101-116.
• Ferguson, K.A., Schinckel, P.G., Carter, H.B. & Clarke, W.H. (1956). The influence of the thryoid on wool follicle production in the lamb. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 9(4): 575-585.
• Carter, H. B., Clarke, W. H. (1957). The hair follicle group in the skin follicle of Australian Merino sheep. Aust. J. agric. Res. 8: 91-108.
• Carter, H. B., Clarke, W. H. (1957). The hair follicle group and skin follicle population of some non-Merino breeds of sheep. Aust. J. agric. Res. 8: 109-119.
• Carter, H.B. (1958). The farmer, the gene and the fabric. J. Bradford Textile Soc., 1958-59. 22-23.
  
• Carter, H.B., Dowling, D. F. (1954). The hair follicle and aprocrine gland population of cattle skin. Aust. J. agric. Res. 5: 745-754.
• Carter, H.B., Hardy, M. H. (1947). Studies in the biology of the skin and fleece of sheep. 4. The hair follicle group and it’s topographical variations in the skin of the Merino foetus. Bull. Coun. Scient. ind. Res., No 215, pp 41.
• Carter, H.b. & Henshall, Audrey S. (1957). The fabric form burial (Cluniac Priory of St, Mary, Thetford, Norfolk). Medieval Archaelogy, I, 102-103.
• Carter, H.B., Turner, Helen N. & Harvey, Margaret H. (1958). The influence of various factors on estimating fibre and follicle density in the skin of Merino sheep.Aust. J. Ag. Res, 9 (2): 237-251.
• Short, B.F., Fraser, A.S. & Carter, H.B. (1958). Effect of level of feeding on the variability of fibre diameter in four breeds of sheep. Aust. J. Ag. Res, 9 (2): 229-236.
• Carter, H.B.1958). The farmer, the gene and the fabric. J.of Bradford Text. Soc. 1958-1959, 22-23.
  
• Carter, H.B., Tibbits, J. P. (1959). Post-natal growth changes in the skin follicle population of the New Zealand Romney and N-type sheep. J. agric, Sci., Camb. 52(1): 106-116.
• Slee, J. & Carter, H.B. (1961). A comparative study of the fleece growth in Tasmanian Fine Merino and Wiltshire Horn ewes. J. Agric. Sci. Camb. 57(1) 11-19.
• Carter, H.B. (1961). Taxonomic and experimental significance of the hair follicle arrangement in mammals. Bul. Brit. Mam. Soc., 17:5-6.
  
• Slee, J. & Carter, H.B. (1962). Fibre shedding and fibre follicle relationship in the fleeces of Wiltshire Horn x Scottish Blackface sheep crosses. J. agric. Sci, 58(3):309-326.
• Carter, H.B. & Slee, J. (1962). An unusual bi-paternal litter in sheep from a natural double mating. Nature, 194: 215-216.
• Carter, H.B. (1963). Protein fibres: Production. Text. Rev. 1963.
  
• Carne, H.R., Lloyd, L.C. & Carter, H.B. (1963). Sqamous carcinoma association with cysts of the skin of Merino sheep. J. Path. & Bact. 86(2): 305-315.
  
• Carter, H. B., (1964). The role of the skin in relation to the adaptation and the production of wool in the sheep. Proc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod. 5.
  
• Carter, H.B., (1964). His Majesty's Spanish Flock. Angus & Robertson, Sydney.
• Carter, HB., (1965). Variation in the hair follicle population of the mammalian skin. In: Lyne & Short, eds. Angus & Robertson, Sydney.
• Carter, H.B. (1967). The Merino sheep in Great Britain. Text. Inst. & Industry March 72-75, April 97-99.
  
• Carter, H.B., (1968). The future of Merino wool growing. J. Bradford Text. Soc., 57-64.
• Carter, H.B. (1968). The future of Merino wool growing. J. Bradford Text. Soc., 57-64.
  
• Carter, H.B., (1969). The historical geography of the fine-woolled sheep (1) & (2). Textile Institute & Industry, 7: 15-18, 45-48.
• Carter, H.B., Onions, W.J. & Pitts, J.M.D. (1969).The influence of the origin on the stress-strain relations of wool fibre, J. Text. Inst. 60(10) 420-429.
• Carter, H.B., Terlecki, S. & Shaw, I.G. (1972). Experimental Border Disease of sheep: Effect of infection on primary follicle differentiation in the skin of Dorset Horn lambs.
• Carter, H.B.(1970). Sir Joseph Banks and the plant collection form Kew sent to the Empress Catherine II of Russian, 1795. Bull. Brit. Museum (Natural History). Historical series 4(5): 283-385.
• Carter, H.B. (1979). The sheep and wool correspondence of Sir Joseph Banks 1781-1820. Vol 2 of The Sir Joseph Banks Memorial Act 1945. Angus & Robertson 1962.
  
• Carter, H.B. (1979). The Sheep and Wool Correspondence of Sir Joseph Banks, 1781-1820. Library Council NSW/British Museum (Natural History), London.
• Carter, H.B., Diment, Judith A., Humphries, C.J. & Wheeler, A.(1981). The Banksian natural history collection of the Endeavor voyage and their relevance to modern taxonomy. In History in the Service of Systmatics (Ed Wheeler & Price) London.
  

Carter studied the role of Sir Joseph Banks in the the introduction of the Spanish Merino into Britain and published His Majesty's Spanish Flock.

He was appointed Director of the Banks Archive Project at the Natural History Museum and edited The Sheep and Wool Correspondence of Sir Joseph Banks 1781-1820. This publication became a prelude to the publication of other groups of Banks's voluminous correspondence, including a definitive biography on Banks published by the British Museum.

Honorary Award
The degree of Doctor of Veterinary Science (honoris causa) was conferred in absentia upon Harold Burnell Carter at the ceremony held at 11.30am on 1 March 1996.

Citation:
Presented by the Acting Vice-Chancellor and Principal Professor D J Anderson, 

Chancellor.


Harold Burnell Carter was educated at the University of Sydney, graduating with the Bachelor of Veterinary Science degree in 1933. Awarded a Walter and Eliza Hall Fellowship in Veterinary Science, he studied the skin and wool of Merino sheep at CSIRO McMaster Laboratory within the grounds of this University.



His research provided our basic knowledge on the embryology, growth, development and genetic variation in the structure and function of the skin and the wool follicle. This work led to major improvements in wool production and contributed greatly to the economic development of Australia. 



From his studies on the genetic selection of Merino sheep, Harold Carter discovered that it was the 18th century scientist, Sir Joseph Banks, who had arranged for merino sheep to be transported to Australia. 

This led Carter to undertake detailed historical research into the life and works of Banks.

His research was carried out under the auspices of the Natural History Department of the British Museum and resulted in a comprehensive review of Banks' contributions to science. Between 1764 and 1820 Joseph Banks wrote some 40,000 letters.

With Carter's painstaking collection of this scattered correspondence and other archival material, Joseph Banks emerged as the key figure in the growth of natural sciences in Britain at the end of the 18th century.

Harold Carter, in his 87th year, is still the Director of the Banks Archive Project of the Natural History Museum in London. 

He has published many papers and several books on Joseph Banks including: His Majesty's Spanish flock: Sir Joseph Banks and the Merinos of George III of England and The Sheep and Wool Correspondence of Sir Joseph Banks 1781-1820. 

Harold Carter has achieved international scholarly standing in two different fields, science and history. 



Chancellor, Harold Carter cannot be with us today so I present to you Dr Kenneth Ferguson, a life time colleague of Dr Carter's and formerly Director of the Institute of Animal and Food Sciences of the CSIRO to receive the degree of Doctor of Veterinary Science (honoris causa) on behalf of Harold Burnell Carter.

The Order of Australia
When in his 90s H.B.Carter was awarded the Order of Australia. Richard Carter says his father was too infirm to go back to Australia to accept the medal in person, but the Government sent him the appropriate robes in which he was photographed, and the medal - shown below (both sides). Richard is not sure why the 'A M' was embossed on the box lid but he thinks it could be an example of his father's dry sense of humour - simply denoting 'Australian Medal'.


Fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE)
Carter was nominated for this award on 24 November 1960, and surprisingly the first name on the list of nominees is one H.P. Donald.

Back track - why Carter resigned from CSIRO
This is a fascinating part of the story, as why on earth would anyone who had done so much fundamental work on the Merino, and put in the hard yards on the McMaster and Prospect laboratories, want to leave and go to the frigid climes of Scotland?

Comments by Dr George Wickham
George Wickham, a former Massey wool scientist who did his PhD at Leeds Textile Department around 1954 was familiar with Carter's work, and told me that he was told by a former colleague of Carters, that the mountain of his unpublished data left at Prospect was viewed as 'a negative' by the new Director, Dr Ian. W. McDonald.

This seems an unjustified claim as Carter would not be the only scientist who had left a position with unpublished data, especially in the biological sciences, as it's not possible to have all your data analysed and have everything written up at the end of each project. It often takes years to complete this and a deal of understanding from your new boss. The scientific world is littered with research that was never written up, most of it ending up in land fills.

Comments by Dr John Kennedy
J0hn Kennedy reported that McDonald had been a contemporary of Carter's at the University of Sydney vet school, and returned from Babraham, Cambridge University in UK to take the Prospect job. In the biography of Sir Ian Clunies Ross written by Marjorie O'Dea, she relates that it was Sir Ian who by then was Chairman of CSIRO who decided that Carter was not a suitable appointment to be Officer-in-Charge of the Prospect lab, even though he had worked hard on its planning. Professor C.W. Emmens was Prospect Officer-in-Charge for a couple of years before McDonald came back from UK.

John Kennedy also said that the other big job Carter did while at Prospect was to edit the sheep and wool correspondence of Sir Joseph Banks which was published with the help of the State Library of NSW, so he was clearly building up a head of steam for his future work.

Comments by Charles Massy
Charles Massy in his book describes in great detail how Carter's view on the need for a 'broad holistic approach' to research was ignored and caused great frustration for him. Massy wrote:
'Carter was the first modern scientist to form a bridge between the practical technique of leading breeders and classers and the science of biology and genetics, and of textile needs.'

Ian Clunies-Ross invited the world famous American geneticist J.L. Lush to visit CSIRO and advise on a plan for animal breeding research. This led to the splitting off of genetics from the skin and wool biology work and this may have been a major reason for Carter looking to get out.

Whatever the reason, Carter took off soon after the Prospect Lab's opening to the Animal Breeding Research Organisation (ABRO) in Edinburgh, funded by the Agricultural Research Council (ARC). This institute worked in close relationship with the Institute of Animal Genetics in the University of Edinburgh. The Carters and their young family would certainly have faced a massive change in environment - both geographical and social!

I have great empathy for Carter on this issue, as I did the same thing but in the opposite direction. You may think you know what things will be like at the other end, but they never are, and you worry about how your children will settle in new schools, as they have 'funny accents' which can cause problems in this intolerant world. Australians going to UK would get less 'stick' than 'Poms' coming to Australia or New Zealand.

Apparently a lot of Carter's colleagues at Prospect wanted him to stay, and from the amount of work he did there (see published papers and Massy's book) it's apparent he was going to leave a massive vacuum in their programme - work that clearly could not be carried on at ABRO.

Comments by Richard Carter
After talking to a former ABRO colleague of his father's, it appears that Carter's appointment to ABRO was not simply an invitation from HP Donald to join his team. It seems that Carter was headhunted by Lord Rothschild and Sir Gordon Cox who were in the top tier of the Agricultural Research Council (ARC), and who continued to support Carter during his ABRO troubles. Richard describes this as his father may have been 'parachuted in by them as a desirable addition to ABRO'.

The way Donald behaved subsequently to Carter would make you think that he wasn't very happy about the move, as he certainly did much to make Carter's life difficult, so that in a few years, Richard describes his father's situation as being 'non-operational', as Donald held the purse strings.

My experience is that University Departments and Research Stations can be vicious places where there is much child-like behaviour based on jealousy. ABRO seems to have a good dose of this and Carter was the unfortunate recipient.

Massy in his book describes how the geneticists separated themselves from the 'broad based science' and of course Donald and ABRO drove the new genetic approach which Carter left Australia to get away from.

Richard Carter also confirms after talking to his father's former colleague, that in the latter years when Donald cut off the money to Carter, he worked on his historical research during working hours in his ABRO office in South Oswald Road, as well as in his spare time at home.

Carter at Edinburgh
Leaving Prospect in 1954 and going to Leeds in 1965, Carter must have done eleven years at ABRO, and clearly an early priority was to get some fine-wool Merinos for research.

Dr Angus Russel who worked at ABRO at that time says that Donald and Carter were never great mates, and whatever the reasons, there was bound to be a bit of good healthy trans-Tasman rivalry between them! But then Donald was not great mates with anyone from what most folk can remember.

I was not aware of any detailed wool biology going on at ABRO as I thought all the British work was done at the Wool Industries Research Association (WIRA) in Leeds under AB Wildman.

Sourcing the best Merino genetics
The obvious place for Carter to go for his sheep was the land he had left behind- Australia where nobody would have had a better knowledge of the different Merino strains available. But the export of Merino sheep, and particularly rams, was banned from the main Australian continent as growers didn't want anyone to start up in opposition to them.

But Tasmania was open for business, and they also had the finest woolled strains of Merino. Confirmation of this comes in the introduction of a paper: Slee, J. & Carter, H.B. (1961). J. Agric.Sci. 57, 11. A comparative study of fleece growth in Tasmanian Fine Merino and Wiltshire Horn ewes.

'On a proposal made by one of us (H.B.C.), the Agricultural Research Council acquired a small breeding flock (three rams and twelve ewes) of Tasmanian Fine Merinos strictly for research purposes under agreement and through the courtesy of the Commonwealth Government of Australia. These animals left Tasmania on 29 March and reached England on 12 May 1955. This made possible, probably for the first time, the study of these two breeds under similar conditions and this has been done up to the present at the Dryden Field Station of the A.R.C. Animal Breeding Research Organisation, near Edinburgh.'

Then the source is confirmed by a paper in Nature: H.B. Carter & J. Slee. Nature, Vol. 194, 4824, pp. 215-216. April 14, 1962. An Unusual Bi-paternal litter in sheep from a natural double mating. It states that - 'a single Merino (imported May 1955) from the Valleyfield stud in Tasmania.'

It would be interesting to find out what kind of a challenge Carter had to get his sheep into UK. It could have been much easier than taking sheep the other way, because of Scrapie and Foot and Mouth disease from which Australia is free.

It would be tempting to suggest that a fair bit of diplomatic arm twisting must have gone on but although Carter was a determined researcher, his obsession with attention to detail would have made sure all things were done correctly, as he had a lot at stake in his research plans for ABRO.
Angus Russel is certain that the Merinos came into UK legitimately, but on the strict understanding that they would only be used for research purposes, and that none would be sold for breeding.

Then a real pearl for me appears in Carter's thanks (in the Author's Notes of his book - see later) to 'The Agricultural Research Council, in assisting my own smuggling operations'. I wonder if this was a bit of 'tongue in cheek' referring to the earlier antics of King George?

Where did the Merino genes end up?
Boaz's book confirms that at Leeds they were slaughtered because of Johne's disease, other than the ones that had been distributed for outside trials.

Whether the ARC was still responsible 'on paper' for the sheep and their eventual disposal after they left their approved Edinburgh base, (or even if they knew or cared) would be interesting to know. As far as ABRO was concerned - you could imagine it being a case of 'out of sight- out of mind' and hoping that ARC would either never find out or have lost interest.

While at Edinburgh, about 6-8 sheep were 'borrowed' by a scientist for some reproductive physiology research, and were not returned or slaughtered (as was supposed to happen). These sheep ended up on a local farm owned by a 'canny Scot' (Willie Crawford) where they increased to a flock of hundreds. About 60 wethers were kept indoors by Willie to produce very fine wool which was sent to Italy for spinning and then woven into fine suiting by Reed & Taylor of Langholm. This was sold locally for one thousand pounds sterling a suit length.

Carter clearly acknowledges 'the support of the Agricultural Research Council' in getting his sheep from Australia. This must have taken a fair bit of time sourcing them, dealing with all the import regulations, transport, quarantine, etc.

It would be interesting to know if Carter applied for the money either before he left Australia or as soon as he got to Edinburgh. The ARC was always tight with their cash, so he must have made a good submission which presumably would be about what superfine genes could contribute to British farming - a repeat idea held by a former King! Merinos would be the obvious choice and nobody would be better informed as to where to locate them.

Family Information on H.B. Carter kindly provided by Richard Carter

• Harold Carter married Mary Brando-Jones in 1940. Harold was in his early research years with CSIRO and Mary had newly arrived in Australia as a young medical graduate from University College London.
• Harold was a fourth generation Australian.
• The Carters had three sons born in Australia and they all went to Edinburgh in 1954 to live as tenants in an apartment in Penicuik House.
• After Carter moved to Leeds, Mary had accepted a medical consultancy in Aberdeen and they both commuted to meet at home in Edinburgh each weekend to the family home in Penicuik.
• The family knew that Carter's years at Leeds were not happy although he did a good job of hiding this from them. He was probably suffering from a state of depression and certainly had stomach ulcers while at Leeds. Leaving Prospect, and then things not working out at ABRO, and then ending up in limbo at Leeds must have frustrated his meticulous standards and ambitions.
  
• After retirement near Bristol, he finally had a series of strokes which left him paralysed, so went into a nursing home from 2002 to his death on 27 February in 2005.
• Carter's historical research was done entirely in the evenings when he returned from work and at weekends. He worked on his book with incredible speed.
  
• He rented an unoccupied labourer's apartment in Penicuik House which became filled with his typically highly organised files and collected documents.
  
• This archive is currently stored in 40+ boxes and cabinets awaiting, hopefully, transport to a research museum (The Power House Museum in Sydney).
  

Where did Carter go after Leeds?
Carter retired in 1970 with his wife Mary who had taken up a a medical consultancy as Senior Psychiatrist with the Somerset National Health Service, to a house in the village of Congresbury near Bristol in Somerset, until he went into a nursing home in Weston-super-Mare for three years until his death.

For a period in the first decade after retirement he was a consultant to the company of Sir James Hill & Sons. He and his wife became close friends of Francis Rennell (Lord Rennell of Rodd) who was himself very interested in sheep matters.

At the same time, Carter was developing the Sir Joseph Banks Archive in the British Museum - now effectively inherited by Neil Chambers with whom my father worked in his latter years. From this time, effectively from his retirement, he worked intensively and virtually exclusively on the life and work of Joseph Banks, culminating in his second magnum opus, the Bank's biography - 'Sir Joseph Banks' published in 1988.


'My Merino Story' by T.G. Boaz, M.B.E., M.A.



This 38-page booklet is available from Geoff's daughter, Rosemary Boaz at (info@rhyddbarn.co.uk). It's a great record of how Geoff after meeting Carter again (by chance), got his help to select some Merino foundation ewes (15 of four different ages) and two rams to start Geoff's 'Rhydd Green Merinos'.

Geoff's text:
'I learned that he (Carter) had an interest in a flock of Merino type sheep at the Cotswold Farm Park and on the adjoining Bemborough Farm of Mr Joe L. Henson. These sheep had been transferred there after the disposal of a flock established at the Rodd, near Presteigne, Radnorshire by Lord Rennell and Harold Carter in 1965.'

So here's proof of Carter getting involved with Lord Rennell in 1965, the year he and his sheep arrived at Leeds. I wonder if the ARC knew about that - or maybe they didn't care.

Request for money from BWMB
Geoff reports in his book how he made a last attempt (before he retired) to preserve the Leeds flock by applying for money to the British Wool Marketing Board (BWMB). The answer was no! Geoff comments that 'everyone connected with the BWMB was extremely skeptical about the value of Merinos in this country'. These could have been the comment's of King George III or Sir Joseph Banks.

Geoff Boaz with his Merino flock at Rhydd farm

Geoff's book is about how he took up the challenge and proved he could grow good good quality Merino wool in UK, and the sheep and their wool did not deteriorate over time. He won prizes for wool at the Three Counties Show and then went on to win 'the Golden Fleece' at Smithfield. Another highlight was when Godfrey Bowen bought a ram from him for his sheep breed display at the Royal Show.

In the latter stages, the Rhydd Green flock introduced Dorset Horn and Ryeland breeds to cross with the Merinos, before the purebreds were sold off.

Dispersal of the Rhydd Green sheep
In the back of the Boaz book, there are detailed records of where all the sheep went to throughout the UK between 1980 and 1991, as well as 2 rams and 3 ewes to the Falkland Islands in 1987.


H.B. CARTER'S BOOK
Remembering back to my days at Leeds 40 years ago and the Carter saga, I thought I should find a copy of Carter's book on His Majesty's Flock. I was surprised that there were no copies in New Zealand, but I managed to get a copy from Australia with the very musty smell of age about it. I was blown away with the amount of work that must have gone into writing it.

I've only blogged the bits I found fascinating, rather than writing a formal review.

What's the book about?
In the 1700s, Britain's wealth was based on growing, processing and exporting wool to most parts of Europe. The Speaker of the House of Commons still sits on the 'woolsack' to remind the nation of our past dependence on the sheep.

To boost the quality of British cloth exports, fine Merino wool was imported to blend with the British sheep. From the King (George III) downward were worried that the supply of wool would be cut off because of politics and war between England, France, Spain, Portugal, Holland and others. It didn't take much to start trouble.

So the King decided to bring some of the golden fibre that grew on the Spanish Merino to Britain - and he asked his loyal servant Joseph Banks to do the job. Sir Joseph delivered, but with quite a few hassles on the way (to say the least!). In the process Australia and New Zealand were stocked with these incredible sheep.

The book's jacket design
The jacket design by E.D. Roberts depicts a ram's head drawn from a Spanish Merino of 1790, the crown on the spine is that of George III and the symbols on the back are the brands of the famous Negretti and Pualar cabanas (flocks). The colours jointly symbolise the Royal House of England and Spain. I note that Mr Roberts from the Institute of Animal Genetics at Edinburgh is also thanked by Carter for help with maps and diagrams.


Carter’s background (from flyleaf of his book) 1964
‘H.B. Carter is a member of an Australian family which was established in Victoria and Queensland in the forties and fifties of last century. Born at Mosman in sight of the waters of Port Jackson he graduated from the University of Sydney in 1933. For a few years he lived mostly as a bushman first on the staff of a large pastoral company and then as a University Research Fellow. Later as one of the first Australian biologists concerned specifically with problems of sheep breeding and wool production he worked for some years with the Commonwealth Scientific and Research Organisation.

Over the period his work was almost equally divided between close laboratory studies and fairly extensive field work over the sheep and cattle country of the Commonwealth.

Living now in Great Britain with his wife who is an English psychiatrist, and their three sons, his scientific interests have become somewhat more international in scope. The present theme however arises rather from the background work pursued to its ultimate origins in Western Europe’.

At CSIRO, a friend when there as a student remembers Carter as a God-like scientist in the wool area who did not converse with students. That was the formal style of things in those days. Scientists wore white overalls when out in the field and the lesser fry wore green ones he said!

Carter’s ‘Author’s note’
This is a good indication of how much work went into the book. Seeing all the folk he got involved in his project is mind boggling, and of course in those days there was no accounting system to allocate costs. Who he paid for their help and who did it for free is not noted.

Carter thanks Miss Frances Redgrave for 'her speed and precision in producing order out of my tangles typescript'. Richard Carter said his father taught himself to type with two fingers, and that he personally transcribed and typed out every single Banks et.al. letter. He typed up the redrafting of the book manuscript and continued this pattern for the next 40 years of his active scholarly work. Richard suggests that he would get the final copy professionally typed that he would certainly have paid for himself. He was that kind of man Richard stressed.

First on Carter’s list of thanks is Her Majesty the Queen for Her ‘gracious permission to use material in the Royal Archive’. Imagine the sweet-talking letter he would have to write to get into that treasure trove? Then there’s mention of librarians, museum directors and staff, keepers of manuscripts from all over the place, the Met office, Geographical Institutes, University of California's photo lab 'for deciphering original documents', and many many more - all to be thanked for their assistance. I wonder how they all viewed his request over which must have been a very long time.

Of special interest to me is his thanks to Prof. C H Waddington, Director of the Institute of Animal Genetics at Edinburgh – ‘owing him much over a long period’. That would certainly be true.

Then he thanks J P Maule, Director of the Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Breeding and Genetics, which was housed in the same building for his help. Maule was a wonderful helpful person who had traveled widely, and the Bureau was the source of all the research on animal breeding and genetics, which it published regularly in ‘Animal Breeding Extracts’. Maule's help would have been massive.

Carter dedicates the book to his wife which would certainly have been justified with the midnight oil he must have burned on it? His historical research was clearly his major hobby taking up every hour of his spare time, according to Richard Carter.

Sir Joseph Banks

Portrait of Sir Joseph Banks by Thomas Phillips 1810

What an incredible man Banks must have been. The work he must have done, in they days on no technology is breathtaking.

• Home residence: 32 Soho Square, London.
  
• 1st Baronet. Knight's Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (G.C.B)
  
• 1743-1820 (57 years).
• Landowner in Lincolnshire, Derbyshire, Middlesex.
• Botanist, agricultural scientist
• Explorer around the world with Captain James Cook RN.
• Enthusiastic lover of Polynesian maidens
  
• President of the Royal Society (PRS) 1778-1820.
• President of the Merino Society 1811-1820.
• Chairman of Lincolnshire Wool Commission.
• Lifetime sufferer from gout.
  

It's mind boggling to read what Banks crammed into his 57 years. His contribution to the discovery of animals and plants with James Cook is what most folk know about him. It's made very clear from the many versions now around of Cook's travels, that Banks was a great lover of Polynesia, and especially of young Polynesian maidens! You would have thought, that sorting and classifying all the material from his travels would have been enough for one lifetime - especially with the laboratory technology of the day, without all the other things he got involved with later in his life.

Imagine being in the lab with the preserved carcass of a kangaroo and a platypus on the bench and asking his helpers for some initial suggestions on where these creatures into the overall scheme of things? Who would have dared to open their mouth?

Wool problems
Don't think that wool problems are a modern feature since the days of synthetic fibres. Wool rows were going well in the 17oos, and Carter describes this in great detail.

The situation is not easy to get your head around, as was so much infighting first within England (West of England, West Riding of Yorkshire and East Anglia), and then between countries (England, France, Holland, Spain, Portugal and others).

Yorkshire had inherited the worsted trade from its birthplace in Norfolk. Lancashire was the home of cotton and the West of England was the home of the finer 'broad cloth' woven on wide looms. The imported fine Merino wool was used in this trade. Steam power and mechanisation was coming in to revolutionise the industry.

Sizing up the opposition
Banks being a researcher, analysing the state of play. Carter sums this up well.

Carter Page 42
'Banks tried to find the facts both at home and abroad, in agriculture and in the woollen industries, which might shed light on what he believed, were too many unsupported statements designed to dupe the Legislature and the nation.

They (Lincolnshire Wool Committee) could find no evidence to support the old and stale notion that the French could not make merchantable cloths of their wools without and admixture of what the English manufacturers and growers together were fond of imagining was superior English staple'.

Carter Page 44
'England had for upwards of one hundred and forty years set a legal wall about her sheep and their wool under the illusion that there was no wool like English wool and that, denied the blessing of this magic staple, foreign cloth manufacturer was condemned to permanent inferiority. There was one qualifying thought. The fine staple of Spain in some quarters at least, was reluctantly conceded to be the exception'.

Banks's letter writing
In the light of the many ways we can send messages today, it's amazing to think how 'information transfer' was limited to the letter, written in ink by quill pen and then delivered by messenger or postal service.

Banks must have spent a large part of his life writing letters, and it's wonderful to think that they were still available to Carter who got many of them transcribed in the book. Carter describes how Banks at one stage 'instituted the first stage of what became an extensive foreign correspondence on matters concerning sheep and wool'.

He sent questionnaires to Hamburg, Hanover, Gottingen, Leipzig, Amersterdam and Abbeville where wool was processed into cloth. Apparently he got quick responses, even though there was one of the many wars going on at the time.

Farmer meetings
Other than letters, meeting and talking face to face was the only other way to spread information, and the most famous agricultural meeting was the Woburn Sheep Shearing. Carter has put the famous engraving of the 1804 shearing by George Garrard, A.R.A in the front of the book. It shows Banks and some of his contemporary agriculturalists with specimens of Spanish Merinos which are being shorn to weigh and inspect their fleeces.

Woburn sheep shearing 1804

First modern scientific breeder
Carter spends may pages reporting what went on in France and the importance of Louis-Jean-Marie Dauberton, FRS, 1716-1800. He is officially described as a 'naturalist' but served in the Chair of Rural Economy at the Royal Vet School at Alfort in France.

In 1776 he was asked by Louis XV's Controller-General of Finance to start research on wool improvement. As Carter says 'an early modern example of the harnessing of science to a problem of agricultural and industrial importance in the national interest'.

Carter reports that 'he established Montbard as the first experimental station in the world and was the first modern scientific breeder of livestock whose work has present-day relevance'.

That sure is some CV!

The arrival of Spanish Merinos on British soil
The bulk of Carter's book provides the incredible detail of this story. The work involved in sorting out this detail must have been mind-blowing.

He describes (from transcripts of letters) how the sheep were sourced in France and Spain between 1788-1791 and often the intrigue involved, their route to England, on what ship and how long it took, where they embarked and how they got from the port to the King's fields at Windsor, Kew and Richmond. The name of the shepherds accompanying them is also known in many cases - especially those who went to England with the Spanish import that were smuggled from Spain into Portugal and left from Lisbon for the Thames.

Map of old London printed inside the book cover showing
location of where the sheep went.

Carter describes in fascinating detail the role of Pierre-Marie-Auguste Broussonet, FRS, 1761-1807, botanist and zoologist. He has done an apprenticeship under Banks in London on fish and then went back to France from where he kept sending plant specimens back from his travels. Broussonet was the person to send Banks two Spanish fine-wool sheep, a ram and a ewe, each with an iron collar stamped with Banks's address in London. They were consigned from Rouen and arrived at Spring Grove near Houndslow in Middlesex.

These were the first real Spanish fine-wool Merinos to set hoof on English soil. They were a gift from the French Scientists at Alfort to the President of the Royal Society for his own small private experimental flock. Note they were not for the King of England.

First crossing experiments
Banks then had to get some trials organised to see how these Spanish Merinos could improve British breeds. So he gathered a diverse range of sheep at Houndslow Heath to party with the ram. Presumably the Merino ewe was allowed to join the sheep with wool that varied in length and coarseness.

He got a few sheep from Caithness (by sea), Southdowns from Lewes, Herefordshire ewes from Robert Bakewell in Leicestershire, two fat Lincolnshire ewes and two horned Wiltshires from Middlesex. Presumably they either walked to London or got a ride in a cart. The ram was certainly not overtaxed by these number and his first lamb crop was born in 1786.

Carter says 'For nearly ten years the Spring Grove flock of Sir Joseph Banks was the centre of a web whose strands spread to many corners of the kingdom'. It was a smart move as the flock was close by the rides and paths of Royalty from Windsor to St James's Park for the King and his Court not to notice.

But as Carter points out that Banks had other things to concern him at the time - such as the William Herschel's telescope and new things that could be seen in outer space.

Sheep travel maps
I frequently got confused trying to remember the different importations and where they all went. So I was thankful for the maps which showed the sheep tracks from the Continent to Britain, then withing Britain. It's amazing where the sheep all came from and where they ended up.

Merino husbandry - shepherds' bad news
Trying to farm Merinos is a challenge at any time, and it's clear from Carter's book that Banks had real problems with the shepherds and the farm managers who had to look after them. Carter has covered his many letters and their replies, and even correspondence with the King.

In my experience with them, they are a vastly different sheep to any other ovines. They are loners and hate to be hassled by other sheep, especially those of different breeds. They are a dry climate sheep and in wet climates their toes grow long making them prone to footrot, they are prone to internal parasites and fungi stain the wool. Banks seems to have had all these problems, as well as deaths through cold in hard winters.

It seems it took a husbandry disaster and death before anyone realised Merinos were different and their feet and wool had evolved in an arid climate under 'transhumance' - where they walked long distances to change grazings at particular times of the year.

Banks must have learned a lot about managing the sheep from the Portuguese shepherds who cam with a big importation of sheep smuggled across the border from Spain. Carter records how he spent days with them.

Banks invented ear tags
This is a wonderful bit of history, and having done my research before plastic eartags where invented I can see the genius in what he did. As more Merinos came into Britain and were distributed around the country from the King's and Banks's flock, Banks desperately needed a reliable identification system.

Painting numbers on the sheep's flank is alright till shearing then you have to repeat the performance, and painted numbers are not always easy to read. The paint also ruins wool, especially as in the 1700s tar would be used and not scourable raddles approved by wool processors.

Banks had a friend in the Royal Mint so he asked him to make some numbered metal disks with clips on to hang in the ear. Bingo! The ear tag was invented.

The King
George III has always had a bad press. School history told us he was 'Mad King George' and 'Farmer George", neither of which were great accolades to urban kids. The film of his life (featuring his mental illness) would do much to help his image.

I remember that Prince Charles is an admirer and rightly so as the Prince has a great appreciation of farming and its contribution to the nation. Banks eventually gave all his sheep to the King, as he felt he could act better as an independent adviser on breeding and wool matters.

The King has a great place in the heart of all New Zealanders as one of our famous Maori warriors - Hongi Hika (who had learned English) sailed to England to meet him, and came away with enough gifts to be able to afford to cash in for a ship load of muskets and ammunition in Sydney on his way home!

Demand for sheep grows
Carter page 282:
'In spite of the war with France, so recently joined after the brief Peace of Amiens, the summer of 1803 was remarkable in the affairs of His Majesty's Spanish flock for an unprecedented demand for it's surplus sheep'.

The demand was such and the business of supplying request from various breeders clearly got too much for Banks and the King so a public auction was arranged - the first draft of sheep going under the hammer on 17 August 1800. More great maps in the book show where the sheep went throughout the land and to America where the War of Independence had caused a big demand for wool for uniforms. Carter found documentation to show that 26,000 Spanish Merinos were shipped to the United States in the frantic trading rush of 1810-1811.

As a Northumbrian, I was delighted to see that the Duke of Northumberland, Sir Hugh Percy, had his name down for a sheep, and Banks selected Ram No 127 for him on 18 August 1800 - the day after the sale. Maybe it was passed in or Banks bought it for the Duke.

In the reference Carter found, the ram is described as 'a very good three-shear sheep which has served the King's flock in 1799 - and one old ewe whose mouth was still sound'.

Merinos to Australia - MacArthur
This is a fascinating bit of the story. Captain John MacArthur (1798-1834) of the New South Wales Corps of Campden Park NSW, could be described as the pioneer of Merino breeding in Australia. The hilarious part of the tale was that in Australia he got into a duel with a fellow officer so was shipped back to Britain for Court Marshall.

When he got this sorted out, he went back to Australia with a gift of sheep from the King - and that big dry continent became the world's biggest producer of fine wool.

Andrew James Cochrane-Johnstone, (1767- 1834), Honorable, Colonel, M.P.,
What a wonderful rogue this bloke must have been, and Carter provides chapter and verse on endless examples of his 'wheeling and dealing'. He was a master speculator and arranged for sheep to be purchased in Spain and France and shipped to all sorts of places, especially in large numbers to America. He owned sheep himself and shipped sick and dying sheep to anybody he thought could be duped.

Carter: Page 355.
'There was, however, no end to the ingenuity of Andrew James Cochrane-Johnstone in creating embarrassing situations. In this he was ceaselessly active, losing no opportunity for turning almost any predicament in which he found himself to some dubious form of monetary advantage'.

The autumn days of Banks, the King and British Merinos
Throughout the book, there's accounts of Banks's frequent bouts of gout and how on many occasions he missed important meetings with sheep breeders, shepherds and managers and the King who in his letters transcribed by Carter showed enormous sympathy for his 'Scientific shepherd'. Both Banks and the King were suffering together.

Carter: Page 384.
The month of November 1810 was darkened for Sir Joseph Banks by the final madness of his friend the King. This was the onset of the twilight for the Spanish flock beside the Thames and for the Merinos in Britain.

The Merino Society
Carter describes how on 7 February 1811, a circular letter was sent around by Banks to all those who were keen to form a breed society - to do what all such bodies do, to promote the breed and the needs of its breeders. Banks was expected to accept the Chair which he did. The Society took on a lot of the responsibilities Banks had managed on behalf of the King.

Carter: page 287
'The Society had a brief career but a more significant place in the history of its period than its critics would accord. It effectively formed a bridge across the uncertain and criss-crossed years before and after Waterloo from 1810-1820 when the whole of British sheep breeding and the wool trade was reshaping to the new industrial order'.

Deaths close the era
The King died in 1820 and Banks died the same year. Banks tried to decline his Chairmanship of the Royal Society because of illness, but the Carter book shows the correspondence from the Council refusing to accept it after 42 years.

Carter's final comments on Banks
Page 406
I thought this was extremely well expressed.

'Whatever there is to be said - and there is much - there can be little doubt now that it was Sir Joseph Banks who placed the Spanish Merino and the essential knowledge of its breeding, management and productive attributes at the industrial disposal of Great Britain'.

That's some compliment when you think of the national economic impact at the time. And then muse on all the other great contributions Banks made to his country and the world. An amazing man!

My final comments on HB Carter
Harold Burnell Carter (1910-2003) was an amazing man too, and needs to be acknowledged for his contribution to the Sheep. I regret now not having more contact with him at Leeds.

HB Carter the artist
Richard Carter, in fossicking through his father's papers came across these pen and ink drawings, traced from black and white photos - done between 1962-64. Richard says it was around this time that his father was trying to find records of the physical morphology of Merinos from the present through the 18th and 19th Century and the early 20th century studs, all the way back to the 'Golden Fleece'.

Carter's father was a portrait painter so his son Harold had certainly inherited some of his genes.

Ram from Syracuse, Palermo National Museum, IVth C B.C.