tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-55633275460752761032024-03-14T17:13:51.186+13:00Woolshed 1Farmers have worked land and livestock since ancient times, but agricultural writing really only started in the late 1700s. Textbooks and journals grew to be the only means of storage - these were in vogue right up to the 1980s when library ‘improvements’ and photocopying killed them. This website provides wide-ranging information on animal production in NZ, alongside insights into the often entertaining agricultural heritage of Northumberland in the UK, where the editor’s farming journey began.Dr Clive Daltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15929644974912176271noreply@blogger.comBlogger671125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5563327546075276103.post-15311924586272989422019-04-11T13:47:00.000+12:002019-04-19T16:37:23.756+12:00Northumberland history. Association Football. North Tyne Charity Cup 1949-50<style>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="EN-US">North Tyne Charity Cup 1949-50</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>By Clive Dalton</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> ‘Association Football’ was the main sport
in the North Tyne from at least the 1800s for working class folk, as the rules
were simple, little equipment was needed, and the game was easy to organise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Supporting the big national teams such
as Newcastle United and Sunderland, where players like Jackie Milburn (Wor
Jackie) were cult figures, maintained interest and
ambitions for the local lads.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Different villages that could muster enough
young men to take the sport seriously were keen to compete in the competition for
The North Tyne Charity Cup.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These
were Associated Football Clubs (AFC) from Kielder (Kielder Hearts), Falstone, Tarset, Bellingham, Wark,
Barrasford, Simonburn and Acomb.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Humsaugh didn’t field a team so the village lads played for other
village teams, which was a common practice. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There’s little record of the competition’s history, or where
the actual cup is now and the photo below of the 1949-50 final may be one of
few survivors of those times.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Graham
Batey now aged 90, is the only surviving member of the young men in the
photograph he proudly framed and kept over the years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Graham said he didn’t play in the first losing
match of the season, when Bellingham were beaten 10-0 by Barrasford, but he did
play at Inside Left then Outside Left after returning from National Service in
the RAF in Hong Kong. Bellingham won the cup by beating Barrasford 2-1. The
village GP Dr Kirk presented the cup and he would have brought many of the
players (including Graham) into the world.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Graham joined the family building firm with
his father and Uncle Arthur, founded by his grandfather Joseph Batey.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They built and repaired many of the
houses in Bellingham and the North Tyne valley over a very long period.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Jim Irwin holding the cup in the photo was the
captain. The team didn’t have an official coach, although Graham says Matt
Sisterson, a village notable, gave him some personal coaching. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">The older men in the photo were ‘the
committee’. Ernie Scott, who ran a grocer’s shop in the village as well as a
van to extend the business was secretary, and Jack Maughan, chief cashier of
Lloyds Bank was treasurer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Graham
remembers Jack being very proud of the 50 pounds Sterling he banked from one
notable match.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Entry was sixpence
for an adult and children were free- so they’d had a great turnout with a crowd
of 2000!</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Bellingham played on the Show Field where
the roadside shed could be used for changing if needed, and for spectators to
file through to pay. And there was the enormous advantage of the grandstand for a good view and shelter.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">The committee used to have a weekly meeting
during the season in the Black Bull hotel, even though some were staunch
Methodists like Graham’s father George and uncle Arthur Batey, with alcohol not
on their menu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Graham reckons it
would be the only time his father went into a pub in the village, where there
was plenty of choice among the four pubs to support! The framed photo hung in the Black Bull to be admired for many years Graham said.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Graham can’t remember the Cup being
sponsored by any one source, but the Club must have raised enough funds (probably
mainly from gate takings) to provide the jerseys, shorts (called knickers) and boots for the
players.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Travel to other venues
was provided by local bus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Bellingham played in black and yellow shirts.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">The ball in those days unlike today’s light
plastic valve-inflated balls was made of strong leather sections stitched
together.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inside was a rubber
bladder, which after blowing up through a tube was tied off and folded back
inside the ball. A lace then kept this in place across the entrance like lacing
up a boot, which was memorable whenever you headed the ball which ended up
being very heavy, especially when wet!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>So putting more air into the ball was always a mission.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Graham cannot remember who took the team photograph,
which is interesting as it would have needed a camera with large film or more
likely a glass plate. Certainly the standard Kodak Box Brownie of the time
would not have coped. The only person around at the time with the appropriate
equipment would have to be the noted professional village photographer Frank
Collier who had his shop, studio and darkroom in Lockup lane in the village. But
the caption on the photo is not his familiar backhand style, but could have been
done by an assistant.</span><br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US">Newcastle United</span></b><br />
<span lang="EN-US">'Wor Jackie' was the player everybody knew, and John McPhail, who I sat beside in primary school and we both failed our 11+ exam on the same day, had gone to a match (Newcastle United versus Arsenal) in London in 1954 while doing his National Service. He actually got Wor Jackie's autograph on the back of an envelope, but had it stolen years later while in the Merchant Navy. Note there are no African names in the teams.</span><br />
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Acknowledgements</span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Special thanks to Graham Batey of Lynn
View, Fountain Terrace, Bellingham for the photograph and information.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thanks also to John McPhail for the programme copy. April 2019</span></div>
Dr Clive Daltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15929644974912176271noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5563327546075276103.post-20006621397752275012018-07-26T11:10:00.001+12:002018-07-26T11:10:43.090+12:00Micoplasma bovis. Disease spread from selling calves at saleyards
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">D C Dalton and R Dawick</span></b></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc460IMkpf2NZwQSkMA-in1mIEUrXZqY4uEX6U4FgYEhj6UhjEQ6WXQjk59Xs99rbpV3eavJAvzoL2_y1gh32atH1s-f9iByRfYVllQmm5n12wroIoT6OOrpRl4DnFEZKS8shciEu_pqA/s1600/P1030795.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc460IMkpf2NZwQSkMA-in1mIEUrXZqY4uEX6U4FgYEhj6UhjEQ6WXQjk59Xs99rbpV3eavJAvzoL2_y1gh32atH1s-f9iByRfYVllQmm5n12wroIoT6OOrpRl4DnFEZKS8shciEu_pqA/s400/P1030795.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Reasons for
concern</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">There could be a rapid increase in M. bovis when Bulk
Milk Testing (BMT) of dairy herds resumes in November 2018, and which could
then require drastic action by MPI and the livestock industry.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">MPI and the industry need a protocol for WHEN and not
IF other exotic disease may enter New Zealand such as Foot and Mouth disease
(FMD).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Comments in memo apply whether M. bovis is eliminated,
or is accepted as endemic in New Zealand.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Comments refer to very young calves from 4-7 days old,
but can also apply to ‘dairy weaner’ calves offered for sale in
October/November this year.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Background</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">In attempts to control exotic disease, the gathering
of animals at provincial saleyards is a high-risk practice. So restricting this
method of sale is an important weapon to prevent contact and disease spread
between animals, and subsequently to farms over a wide area.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">There are many other reasons why young calves, with
low immune development, should not be put through the stress and distress or
travel to and from the yards, and standing all day on cold wet concrete from
late winter sales to early spring.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Young calves have already been offered for sale at Frankton and Tuakau for
the last 4-5 weeks.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">MPI have rightly been advising calf buyers to avoid
saleyards and buy direct from vendors, but has not given any details of how this
could be done, and especially how vendors could be paid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Suggestions
for sale of very young calves (4-7 days old) currently sold mainly at
provincial auctions, or a few by companies on-line.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">The role of the Stock and Station Companies is
critical because of their experience in the financial and legal aspects of
livestock trading.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">In each province, a company (or combined companies)
would use a database to list weekly their clients with young calves for sale.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">A company agent would visit each vendor to inspect the
calves. A company Eartag would be inserted to identify calves eligible for
sale.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">All relevant data would be collected by the agent
including farm ID, NAIT number, breed, colour, and health status.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Calves would be weighed and given a grade
based on ‘overall visual quality’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Acceptable purchasing lots along with ‘set standard’
photographs or video would be taken to enable purchasers to compare calves against
other lots in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">live on-line auction sale.</i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Upon entering these calves into the on-line auction,
eligible vendors would abide by the terms and conditions set out in the
Conditions<span style="color: black;"> </span>of Sale’. All collected data and
information would then be listed on the company’s/companies’ live auction
database, 1-2 days before the live on-line auction along with vendors’ base
reserve.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Buyers would search the database for what animals were
on offer and if interested, register as an intending purchaser. In doing so the
purchaser would be legally bound to all auction and payment conditions set out
in the ‘Conditions of Sale’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">On completion of the on-line auction the sale would be
immediately ‘prompted’ for immediate payment by the purchaser to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the vendor’s company </b>before uplifting the
calves. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Upon receipt of payment by the purchaser, the vendor would
be advised that delivery could take place. Payment to the vendor (less
commission)<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>would also be given upon
receiving payment from the purchaser.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Delivery arrangements for moving the calves are
the purchaser’s sole responsibility. Large trucks may not always be needed,
cutting out the need for excess cleaning and disinfection.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Possible malpractice</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Some buyers may think
that they could avoid sales commission (6%) after the first sale contact with
the vendor, by dealing privately. The ‘Conditions of Sale’ should include a
malpractice prevention clause. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">However with vendors
being paid out within two to three days rather that the standard industry practice
of 14 days, and being advised all approved purchasers had been credit checked,
and in the unlikely event of defaulting, the company would still pay out and
pursue the purchaser for payment. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">It’s unlikely that vendors
will want to stray from this security.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>As for livestock movement we suggest this may not be a major problem as
NAIT records would catch up with them. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">About the authors</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Clive Dalton</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;"> did research at
the MAF Whatawhata Hill Country Research Station, and then worked in
Information-Extension at Ruakura, before tutoring in animal production at the
Waikato Polytechnic before retirement.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Ric Dawick</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;"> now retired
provided 46 years service to the Stock & Station Industry mainly
specialising in dairying where his major contribution was as architect of
today’s ‘Sale & Purchase of Dairy Cattle Agreement’ and introducing searchable
livestock website technology to the Stock & Station industry</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">END</span></div>
Dr Clive Daltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15929644974912176271noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5563327546075276103.post-79260962683791049372018-04-22T14:25:00.000+12:002018-08-09T16:04:09.270+12:00Northumberland farming history - The hirings<style>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">By Clive Dalton</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4tj6FOyRisjSXEJM145GbhRDAoFtK8iZsuZ25trHXLWQRYdPAbyayGHaEdV16JZYC5YpBXRZoj54YofifdWZEYyeF97WUleNBTXwSzRvYViqfUbBijdU3-9WVNzaigHnQwdLr-sYp7wQ/s1600/P1010291+copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4tj6FOyRisjSXEJM145GbhRDAoFtK8iZsuZ25trHXLWQRYdPAbyayGHaEdV16JZYC5YpBXRZoj54YofifdWZEYyeF97WUleNBTXwSzRvYViqfUbBijdU3-9WVNzaigHnQwdLr-sYp7wQ/s320/P1010291+copy.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The days of the horseman have long gone</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">When we were young
‘daft laddies’ on farms in the North Tyne and Rede valley, the ‘old codgers’ who kept a close
eye on us (so we did 'nowt daft') would often tell stories about ‘the hirings’, or the ritual of farmers
hiring staff in their days around the13th of May (called ‘the term’) and then in 13 November
each year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These days were also called
the ‘flitting days’ when folk moved from job to job.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">It certainly seemed
like a well-run ritual where farm workers with different skills would stand
around in Bellingham village waiting to be approached with an offer for work.
There was no need for a printed CV and most prospective employers would know
their previous employer if they were local.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">It seemed to be much
more convenient than advertising in the newspapers, which many folk on 'outbye'
farms would not have got in any case.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">There was an annual hiring at Alwinton Show which is still held in the first weeks of October. It would be a great opportunity to recruit new labour when so many farm folk were together. As my old North Tyne mate Clive Davidson says - </span><span lang="EN-US">Imagine having a few drinks at the show, seeing the
industrial tent and a few games of quoits, then trekking to some farm at the top
of the Couqet knowing only too well that you would see precious little daylight
or home comforts before you heard the first cookoo next spring! Hopefully the farm or the nearby one would would have hired a bonny servant lass that could have helped you through the winter.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Different jobs</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Shepherds wore a bit
of wool in their lapel, and on many farms they and their demands had the top
status, in the eyes of the boss.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Maybe this was because sheep were the main enterprise on most farms, and
certainly on the hill farms where the sheep were ‘hefted’ and were never moved
off that farm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You took the sheep
over with the farm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Horsemen work a
leather lace in their lapels but there was no mention of how general workers
(referred to as loose men) identified themselves.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Job descriptions</span></b><br />
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Hind</span></b><br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">This was the 'general hand' or the farm who had the skills to do all</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;"> the jobs required.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;"> </span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Horseman</span></b><br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Hired to look after the horses on the farm and do all the work that required horse power.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;"> </span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;"><b>Lambing man</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hired just for the lambing starting in March on an ‘inbye’
flock, finishing in time to do a ‘hill lambing’ starting in April.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There was no indoor early lambing in
those early days which can now start in February.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> <b> </b></span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;"><b>Hay man</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hired mainly to help with hay followed by corn harvest.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Before any hay was cut there would be
work helping the general farm hind to hoe turnips and pull weeds in any other
arable crop like potatoes. But the main work was to harvest the hay and corn
(oats and barley).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An ability to
build outside stacks and thatch them was an essential skill needed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This work ended before the November
term and could include helping with threshing some of the stacked corn, and
maybe helping lifting the potatoes in October.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> <b> </b></span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;"><b>Byreman or cowman.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><b> </b> </span>Hired in November for when cattle came indoors for
winter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It would include cutting
kale left growing in the field, and feeding hay from the hayshed or stack outside
and carried to the housed stock.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Cleaning ('muckin oot') byres, hemmels and loose boxes was a big part of
the job and dealing the product into middens at various places as the muck
increased over winter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Spreading
it on hay fields was a part of this responsibility – which meant horse and cart
work before tractors and mechanical muck spreaders arrived in the 1950s.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Employment conditions</span></b>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">There was certainly no
Farm Workers’ Union to specify working conditions or wages, and even in later
decades, farm workers were never keen to join unions like in other industries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So there would be no written contract
listing any conditions of employment.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">It would be a case of
bargaining between both parties, if either was in a bargaining position!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Farm workers were noted for their
regular moving from farm to farm, as there was (and still is today) plenty of
reasons why things don’t work out between parties.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One of the main ones is that workers live with or beside
their employers and so do their families where problems often arise with the
many people involved.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">I remember Harry
Thompson who drove a wagon for Hugh Thompson in Bellingham saying that he had
shifted one farm worker every year for so many years, that he knew where every
box went on the deck of this wagon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">It was only from the
1940s that road transport was available to move people and for decades before
that it would be horse and cart moving.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">The bargaining would
have been interesting to hear.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
accommodation offered for farm laddies was often in the hay loft above the
stable where the horses would have provided so element of warmth, along with
aromas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Other farm lads would have
lived in the house with the farmer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">There was often a
dedicated ‘shepherd’s cottage’ on a farm and a pair of cottages on larger farms
for permanent staff such as the hinds.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Seasonal workers often lodged with these staff or in a shed or ‘bothie’.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Enticements by
employers to get staff to stay on would be very limited.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My father who worked on a farm on the
Chesters estate at Humshaugh told the tale of the boss offering the horseman a
set of bright hames for the horse’s collar if he stayed on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The standard ones were unpolished rusty
metal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">A friend I worked for
during weekends and school holidays told me that when he left school at 14 and
went for a farm job, one of the questions he was asked was whether he ate much!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Women workers</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">I can’t remember
hearing that women like ‘servant lasses’ or housekeepers were hired like the
men, and would be employed more by word of mouth or recommended by friends and
relatives. But any shepherdesses or 'landgirls' (who would be single) would presumably be hired like men. There would be no specialist dairy maids on North Tyne farms as there would only be at most a couple of cows on each farm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Payment</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Wages were never paid
weekly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Board and lodging would be
provided and any cottages would be rent-free.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wages would be paid on a monthly basis at best, but more
likely at the end of the job. There would be no advance payment unless the
worker came with no money to buy basic essentials like clothes or boots which
were very expensive. Even in my Daft Laddie days, hobnail boots were a week’s
wages.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">The wages at best
would be a few shillings per week, and we think not as high as five
shillings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Out of this the worker
would have to buy his tobacco as most smoked a pipe, and any liquid refreshment
when they did get to the nearest pub.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There would be little chance of saving.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">There were many tales
of farm workers taking off to town at the end of their time and blowing large
parts of their wages in the nearest pub.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">There would certainly be no signed contract - the best would be a hand shake and maybe a drink at the bar of the Railway hotel, Black Bull or Rose and Crown in the village.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Clive Davison tells this story.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 24.0pt;">I remember
being told of one old lag that after getting his pay and going to the pub.
Whiskey was apparently sold in 3-gill (852ml) bottles but not with a screw cap and must
have been the ones where you needed a bottle opener. This old boy didn't go in
for any finesse and didn’t have time to waste. So he knocked the top off on a
stone 'cape' on the wall, and got stuck in. The broken edges cut his mouth and
lips and blood poured down his chin. After finishing that he no doubt went back
to be hired again! </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 24.0pt;"><br /></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;"></span></div>
Dr Clive Daltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15929644974912176271noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5563327546075276103.post-55519958878238224622017-12-08T13:08:00.000+13:002018-04-22T14:11:19.535+12:00English: As spoken in New Zealand<style>
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</style>By Clive Dalton
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;">The English l<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">anguage</span> is <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">constant<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ly changing, which is <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">good, as it helps to cope with h<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ow the world is changing. <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">But it doesn't make it <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">easy for anyone having <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">to lear<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">n th<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">e language in different parts of the '<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">English-speaking' parts <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">of <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">t<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">he world.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The English spoken in New Zealand has changed greatly in the last 50 year<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">s f<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">rom <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">what was called 'BB<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">C' or 'Queen's English'. The <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">main change<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> in New Zealand in recent <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">years has been a massive 'vowel shift' which is now <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">very well established, <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">much to <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">the annoya<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">nce and disgust <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">of</span> the older <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">generations w<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ho were taught by teachers who were <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">sticklers</span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">for</span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">the Queen's <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">English.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">TV a<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">nd radio have always been the gold standard, and <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">have <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(or used to have) people <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">to oversee grammar and <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">pronunciation. Many of us<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> are wondering wh<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ere they have gone!</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">So anyone coming <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">to New Zealand from overseas to learn English<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">, to work or to study regularly have problems initially with the language.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The influence of Amer<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ican Engl<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ish</span></span></span></span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This is having a big influence on worl<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">d English, and it's probably not <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">a bad thing because of the massive variation in regional <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">E<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">nglish in t<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">he UK, where some dialects are a <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">complete m<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ystery to th<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ose who <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">live 100km away.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Voice Tone</span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Female Kiwi English speakers on TV and radio have become very <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">na<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">sa<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">l and w<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ith a grating tone, espec<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ially when they increase the volume</span></span></span></span>. There seems to be no effort in recruitment to <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">see this as an issue which is standard <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">with American female speakers.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Here's a list from listening to TV a<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">nd radio announcers<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">, <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">journalists and <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">broadcasters</span> over a per<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">i<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">od of a few weeks</span></span></span></span></span></span>. The <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">first</span> column is what was heard, and the se<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">cond is <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">what was <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">m<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">eant.</span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">New Zealand English as heard from TV and radio announcers, and English spelling and meaning</span></b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-insideh-themecolor: text1; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev-themecolor: text1; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 191;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Kiwi as heard</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">English spelling/meaning</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">acadimic</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">academic</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">afears</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">affairs</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">akshally</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">actually</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">beer</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">bear/bare</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">bid</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">bed</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">bist</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">best</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">bitta</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">better</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">binafut</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">benefit</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">cheer</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">chair</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">cheery</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">cherry</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">cintral</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">central</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">chicken</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">check-in</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">chickout</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">check-out</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">chickpoint</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">checkpoint</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">contist</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">contest</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 16;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">deery</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">dairy</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 17;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">earport</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">airport</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 18;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">eer</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">ear</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 19;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">effected</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">affected</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 20;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">essue</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">issue</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 21;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">fairy</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">ferry</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 22;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">fear</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">fare</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 23;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">fect</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">fact</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 24;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">git</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">get</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 25;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><br /></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 26;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">heer</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">hair</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 27;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">hid</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">heard</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 28;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">hively</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">heavily</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 29;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">icho</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">echo</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 30;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">iksipted</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">accepted</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 31;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">idge</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">edge</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 32;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">ingine</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">engine</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 33;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">iscort</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">escort</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 34;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">ividince</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">evidence</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 35;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Keens</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Cairns</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 36;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">keer</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">care</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 37;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">livel</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">level</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 38;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">meer</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">mayor</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 39;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">nitwork</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">network</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 40;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">nivva</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">never</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 41;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">pardy</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">party</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 42;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">peerents</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">parents</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 43;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">percint</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">percent</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 44;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">pin</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">pen</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 45;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">pirished</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">perished</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 46;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">pitral</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">petrol</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 47;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">preer</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">prayer</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 48;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">prepeer</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">prepare</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 49;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">rear</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">rare</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 50;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">really</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">rarely</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 51;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">repeer</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">repair</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 52;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">rid</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">red</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 53;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">rist</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">rest</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 54;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">sheering</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">sharing</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 55;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">sickend</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">second</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 56;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">sinate</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">senate</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 57;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">sivril</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">several</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 58;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">skeer</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">scare</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 59;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">spishel</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">special</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 60;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">tear</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">tare</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 61;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">tist</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -7.35pt; text-indent: 7.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">test</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 62;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">twenny</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -7.35pt; text-indent: 7.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">twenty</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 63;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">vinew</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">venue</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 64;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">women (singular)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">woman
for plural (not ‘wimmen’)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 65;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">yis</span></div>
</td>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">yes</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.9pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal">
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Dr Clive Daltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15929644974912176271noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5563327546075276103.post-9586910243520504912017-11-16T16:27:00.003+13:002017-12-02T14:29:19.798+13:00Northumbrian verse. Pills for All Ills<style>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>By Donald Clegg</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Don entered this verse in the Morpeth competition for dialect poetry - and won the cup for a second year along with other awards.</b></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm19Jxu9JQQ-4ZSE9Y1GAl0WRcB90J9KLZEPXPpawvI1vLfA174TX8rsN7zHYfzjzlBrF_xEykZi6IjVjTN2hwkK_ffQbpqR7pSTq3ZqcsNlB2dd1mM9fmqp-AApx9_xVX0TFmOUJIUr8/s1600/IMG_2261.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="478" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm19Jxu9JQQ-4ZSE9Y1GAl0WRcB90J9KLZEPXPpawvI1vLfA174TX8rsN7zHYfzjzlBrF_xEykZi6IjVjTN2hwkK_ffQbpqR7pSTq3ZqcsNlB2dd1mM9fmqp-AApx9_xVX0TFmOUJIUr8/s320/IMG_2261.JPG" width="239" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Don Clegg with his cup and other wards for Northumbrian dialect verse</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Aa went to the doctor’s on
Monda, Aa thowt Aa was gettin’ the flu,</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Aa was gannin’ cowld an’ hot,
an’ coffin’ a lot. When Aa got there he says, ‘How de do’?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman";">He says, ‘If yo’re ill Aa’ll
give ye a pill’. So he did. Aa said ‘Thanks’. It was BLUE.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 115%;">Aa went to the doctor’s on Tuesda. Aa hev a job
gettin’ about,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 115%;">It might be rheumatics or an ingrown toenail, or
corns, or summat, or gout’,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 115%;">When Aa got to the car it was rainin’, so Aa
thowt Aa’d tek me umbrella.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 115%;">Doc says, ‘By, ye look ill, Aa’d bettor give ye
a pill’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An’ he did. Aa
said,’Thanks’. It was YELLA.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 115%;">Aa went to the doctor’s on Wensda, Aa hed sic an
ache in me arm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 115%;">It’s a mystery to me, but Aa think it must be,
years ago, muckin’ oot on the farm,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 115%;">It was the same canny doctor. He says, ‘Nuw just
let’s hev a wee think’</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 115%;">Aa’ll give ye a pill, then ye’ll not feel ill.” So
he did. Aa said, ‘Thanks’. It was PINK</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 115%;">Aa went to the doctor’s on Thorsda. Me heed was
achin’ and sare</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 115%;">Aa’d been on the pop (didn’t know when to stop).
Aa’ve nivvor felt like it afore,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 115%;">The doc wasn’t that sympathetic. He asked, If
Aa’d <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>been on the town,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 115%;">Yo’re boond to feel ill, but Aa’ll give ye a
pill. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An’ he did. Aa said, ‘Thanks’.
It was BROWN.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 115%;">Aa went to the doctor’s on Frida. Me wattor
works aal of a twist</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 115%;">Aa’d not been to the loo for a day or two -Aa’d
give owt to gan oot and git p.........d (put right).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 115%;">‘By heck’! says the doc. ‘Ye must hev some kind
o’block, it’s the warst Aa’ve seen aal this summer’.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 115%;">‘But if yo’re feelin’ see ill, Aa’ll not give ye
a pill, here’s a note for Jack Nixon, the plumber’.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 115%;">Aa was back at the doctor’s on Satdy. He was theor
as Aa went through the door</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 115%;">He says, ‘Hello, me good man, you divn’t look
vary grand. Let me think - have I seen you before’?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 115%;">‘Aa just think ye have’, was me sarky reply. ‘Aal
this med’cin ye think such a boon’,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 115%;">‘Aa’ve had that mony pills, Aa’m fed up to the
gills, an’ rattle when Aa jump up and doon’.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 115%;">But noo Aa’m aal sorted and fit as a lop. Ivvry
mornin’ Aa gan for a run</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 115%;">Aa play footbaal, gan bikin’ an’ swimmin’ and such
so Aam hevin’ nee end of gud fun,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 115%;">So here’s to the doctors that keep us alive an’ save
us from aal kinds of stress.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 115%;">Cos Aa sometimes fear, Aa just wadn’t be here,
if it warn’t for the NHS.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 115%;">But as we get owlder and faalin’ apart, we
suffer from aal sorts of ills</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 115%;">So in case wor good doctor’s not able to come,
Aa’ve still got me box full of pills.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: 115%;">Donald Clegg (Aad Wattie)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
Dr Clive Daltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15929644974912176271noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5563327546075276103.post-59407552577704284012017-11-10T15:46:00.001+13:002017-11-14T23:10:28.974+13:00 Northumberland traditions: My old Northumbrian fiddle.<style>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">By Clive
Dalton</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit-CHnO2bhbxIH6DbNbaVjRUCYBBwzsI8t8qPFoeWxdd9k6fOS9G3gD1JkN87q1x-vvdQUV7J8L5eGQfQUjAS7HXsooiSnPQGX7N3KdfEsgaMirTwYuZoGqIIEwvE2_QXL0g_4xOIXbfA/s1600/P1010965.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit-CHnO2bhbxIH6DbNbaVjRUCYBBwzsI8t8qPFoeWxdd9k6fOS9G3gD1JkN87q1x-vvdQUV7J8L5eGQfQUjAS7HXsooiSnPQGX7N3KdfEsgaMirTwYuZoGqIIEwvE2_QXL0g_4xOIXbfA/s320/P1010965.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Oh if he'd only had lessons!</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">Ladies and Gentlemen - Let’s have a few waltzes and reels</span></b>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">Some time
in the 1950s through old family friends, Jack and Eva Wanlass from Wark, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I met Walter Hymers of West
Woodburn.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jack and Eva must have
told Walter that I was interested in fiddles and Northumbrian music. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">Being a
‘daft laddie’ on farms up the North Tyne in those days, it was inevitable that
you knew old folk who played the fiddle, especially in their younger days for
their own entertainment and for the local dances.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Examples of old country fiddlers I knew were Dan Wood from
the Steele, Matt Wood from the Reenes, Mick Hall from Woodburn and John
Armstrong of Elsdon.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They would
never have had music lessons – they all just played by ear and learned tunes
from other fiddlers.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">In those
days, folk didn’t need much of an excuse to sweep the granary floor or open up
the church or village hall on a Saturday night – and get the local fiddler to
play a few waltzes and reels.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There would be an old piano in most halls (mostly out of tune) and somebody locally would
have a melodeon or accordion, or just a mouth organ. The place would soon be
rocking. The resident rats and mice would be driven deep inside the
two-foot-thick stone walls of these old buildings.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">After returning from the WW1, my father regularly played his mouth organ for Saturday
night dances in the granary for the staff at Chesters, Humshaugh where mother
was head housemaid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dad was the
band!</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">The shepherd’s fiddle</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">In a typical
shepherd’s cottage you’d find a range of walking sticks in a rack between the
beams in the kitchen, and an old fiddle in its battered case on top of the
‘press’. You may even find one hung with the bow on a hook on the wall.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">The press
was a traditional big cupboard with two large doors in the top half that opened
out to reveal the crockery, and drawers in the bottom half.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There were two drawers in the top layer
for the cutlery, and two more full-length drawers below that for tablecloths
and linen. These large drawers were also handy for when the bairn was
born as one (kept open!) made a safe refuge for a few weeks till the cot was
sorted.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span><br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">Howay Jack man</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">So a common
cry on a many a winter’s night was - 'Howay Jack man - git the fiddle doon
off the top o' the press an give us a bit tune'.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was usually met by –‘No, No man – Aa hevn’t played for
years – me fingors is not supple any mare’ – and other excuses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">A few wee
drams seemed to loosen up the fingers, as before long the fiddle was ‘browt
doon’ and the old case opened up to reveal usually a filthy old fiddle with
the top covered in rosin from the bow, and what appeared to be accumulated
‘baccy juice’ from a pipe being smoked or tobacco being chewed while playing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The old strings were mainly gut and not steele. Once started,
it was often a hard job to get the player stopped for supper or to go to bed!</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">Another
fiddle resting place in a farm house was on top of the ‘des bed’, usually
parked in the kitchen in the recess beside the fire. This was a large cupboard
with two doors, which held a full sized double bed which opened up on to the
kitchen floor when needed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All the bedding was
stored in there too.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">Jimmy Shand and his band</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">In my day, Jimmy Shand and other Scottish dance bands like Angus Fitchett were the ‘gold standard’
and they paid fairly regular visits south across the Border to villages in the Coquet, Rede and Tyne valleys. Our Bellingham dances in the Town Hall were looked forward to for weeks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">It was a
serious affair with the men in suites the lassies in fancy ball dresses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Town Hall soon heated up as it
seemed impossible to turn off the boilers, which blew a warm gale up through
the grill in the floor below the balcony.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>So it didn’t take many reels or rants to bring out the sweat, and swamp
the fancy perfume the lassies started off with which we farm lads couldn’t
smell in any case!</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">The tickets
were expensive for us village lads – a few pounds, but it was worth every saved-up penny to see and
hear these masters of music and metronomic rhythm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The highlight of highlights for me was when the fiddler in
Shand’s band agreed to play a solo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>His playing took your breath away, and I’d go home swearing that I’d
never touch the fiddle again. His fingers hit places on the fiddle that I never
knew existed.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">Unf</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">ortunately fancy fiddles were too expensive, and in any case there was nobody in
Bellingham to give lessons, There would have been somebody in Hexham but expecting my parents to pay out more money on
top of school fees was not on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;"><b> Collecting records</b></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixO0yzoxTZhQbKRMoGjkfcCrqUUfsL0oVok051OXSrtvpIdWEZnZI7PKA7Y77DcZejUkiidEkPEjA-lpKRg5rmuQOdluyL_57Jzi9XJ_kOH6QqJHWnHvg2AVXN34M6Ge8VHKUDUIl6aeI/s1600/P1000925.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixO0yzoxTZhQbKRMoGjkfcCrqUUfsL0oVok051OXSrtvpIdWEZnZI7PKA7Y77DcZejUkiidEkPEjA-lpKRg5rmuQOdluyL_57Jzi9XJ_kOH6QqJHWnHvg2AVXN34M6Ge8VHKUDUIl6aeI/s320/P1000925.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>78 rpm record - easily broken and scratched</b></span></td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">Jimmy Shand’s
music was readily available on the large 78 rpm gramophone records, and then on
the 48rpm vinyl records.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When a new
one came out, it was a must-purchase for me from Windows in the Arcade in
Newcastle which I passed every day coming from school to the Central Station,
at the same time, looking at the violins in the display window with great envy and frustration as I couldn't really play properly.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQbdmkwWYxE2ntB9x_-RJFEqhyMbxFmQQkdBvx8WP3CxVGID6xfOmO0iksVFBdQGeFXnJpVV3ZIEdTd50BV1YgBh6aRY0KU0hcdy0bckCu7IzfIud0mvQDzUtgFNSv0A6tfmjZSCjzu3w/s1600/P1000933.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQbdmkwWYxE2ntB9x_-RJFEqhyMbxFmQQkdBvx8WP3CxVGID6xfOmO0iksVFBdQGeFXnJpVV3ZIEdTd50BV1YgBh6aRY0KU0hcdy0bckCu7IzfIud0mvQDzUtgFNSv0A6tfmjZSCjzu3w/s320/P1000933.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>The 45 rpm vinyl records</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw_j4e3eLTaeymCDUF65yJNPnoBGAHfrGcAI355Px-DFfnXAcsxKQbOzJjUGdFjfb5ECkr4yzDmZOy-N6eTK4EgSqh-R74Gt5WfWwoBV5WLo8xePib2jEy18ePWA3BC5HFFBRPuYkAmpc/s1600/P1020983.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="360" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw_j4e3eLTaeymCDUF65yJNPnoBGAHfrGcAI355Px-DFfnXAcsxKQbOzJjUGdFjfb5ECkr4yzDmZOy-N6eTK4EgSqh-R74Gt5WfWwoBV5WLo8xePib2jEy18ePWA3BC5HFFBRPuYkAmpc/s320/P1020983.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">The family Minster gramophone (c 1920s) </span></b></td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><b>The gramophone</b></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">My parents had a Minster gramophone which they must have bought in the early days of their marriage in the 1920s, and it was always a revered bit of furniture kept in the front room after we moved to a Council House in Bellingham that had one.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">The major sin was to wind</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: small;"> it up to tight and break the spring and not to change the needle after 4-5 records. And of course - not to drop the brittle record and return them to their paper sleeves to stop scratching the surface.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: small;">You could only play one record at a time. The records were stored on the shelf below the loudspeaker.</span></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOsPikdt8GOizcddpaaKaiET2NWOmupE772ux-aahdw3CFqu8o7Hmd8ivNn8RacaMdBti4ocZyZPOmZPbl8XAt0I9TD_ty6QFNgEJJ06-sKErNWLHYUePL904Is9Z-xCX1ko9d3O4fuow/s1600/P1020985.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="360" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOsPikdt8GOizcddpaaKaiET2NWOmupE772ux-aahdw3CFqu8o7Hmd8ivNn8RacaMdBti4ocZyZPOmZPbl8XAt0I9TD_ty6QFNgEJJ06-sKErNWLHYUePL904Is9Z-xCX1ko9d3O4fuow/s320/P1020985.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Lid open showing container for used needles and velvet pad to clean record before playing</span></b><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgDIXJHJY-AMilU4aEqEBEAco6sSd4S5Gyq6jBEt5TRZvgqABOtcjznXIiauE6ZCeWYrFr6EGfNH495wwZgEqO1NnTmnhoDDkEdymVJswI34DjTXY5MdUTBYhYqlUYurKis-i7OpDfMLc/s1600/P1020984.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="360" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgDIXJHJY-AMilU4aEqEBEAco6sSd4S5Gyq6jBEt5TRZvgqABOtcjznXIiauE6ZCeWYrFr6EGfNH495wwZgEqO1NnTmnhoDDkEdymVJswI34DjTXY5MdUTBYhYqlUYurKis-i7OpDfMLc/s320/P1020984.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A revered bit of furniture. Note the windup handle at the side.</b></span></td></tr>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">Radiogram </span></b></div>
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In the 1950s a combined radio and gramophone became the high fashion bit of furniture and were very expensive. The technology had advanced so you could stack about 10 records above the turntable and each would be played in turn.<br />
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<b>Record player</b><br />
In the 1950s a record player came on the market made by PYE. One had a black decorated case and was called the 'PYE black box'. Before we were married in 1959 we purchased one with a mahogany case for about twenty pounds sterling - expensive but it was a treasured possession to play our many old and recent records - 10 at a time. It now resides in the Hamilton City Museum of Art and History.<br />
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I used to put a Shand's record on and try to accompany him on my fiddle. He would not have been impressed! <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEild2a0lCZWcmxVO4fTd6Kht5qZnuBhWJjC4eUMZYbGctw3RbtAnVPaYz8vcaiJPQfCdAF3eNVUZmSwDG0s2DU-v5NHy5bO56Wso-UN_JpSqH4HAv4AtnVjAapndy2YcaXylQEr2r95dTA/s1600/1986-9-1_3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1254" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEild2a0lCZWcmxVO4fTd6Kht5qZnuBhWJjC4eUMZYbGctw3RbtAnVPaYz8vcaiJPQfCdAF3eNVUZmSwDG0s2DU-v5NHy5bO56Wso-UN_JpSqH4HAv4AtnVjAapndy2YcaXylQEr2r95dTA/s320/1986-9-1_3.jpg" width="250" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>PYE record player 1959</b></span></td></tr>
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<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">Meeting Walter Hymers</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">I remember
cycling across to see Walter and is wife at West Woodburn and coming away
with a fiddle that had come apart at the back – the top had parted from the
sides and in the process, the sound post had fallen out and I can’t remember
how I managed to get it back into place as you needed a special tool to stick
into it and fit it under the bridge to take the maximum strain of the E string.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">Those were
the days before fancy modern glues and all you could get was ‘animal glue’ with
its distinctive smell.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It came in
small tins, which was an advance from the slabs of it you could buy and heated
the tin in a small pan on the stove or fire until it was soft.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I cramped the top on the old fiddle and
proudly took it back to Walter.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I can’t remember now whether it was then
or some time later that Walter made the generous offer of giving me that fiddle
in it’s fiddle-shaped case vinyl-covered case. He provided no information on the history of his fiddle.</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">I brought it to New Zealand and played it for many years before giving it to my son in Melbourne where he took it to a violin specialist to find out that it was much more valuable that I had ever imagined. It got an expert clean and a new aluminium bomb-proof case to protect it from damage.</span><br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Walter
Hymers</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Information
from Clive Hymers (Walter’s son)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Walter
Armstrong Hymers was born on 11 September 1903 at Blutcher on the western
fringes of Newcastle upon Tyne in County Durham.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He started school at Blutcher and then his family moved to
Plashetts when Walter was 7 which required him to get an ‘educational transfer’
to satisfy the bureaucracy of the day.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Walter
left school at age 14 and went to work for the Forestry Commission which in
1917 was still war time and the North Tyne hills were in the early stages of
being developed into one of the largest man-made forests in Britain.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Walter
was a keen sportsman and played in local football teams – sometimes in more
than one!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After his playing days,
he was a very keen supporter of Woodburn AFC which competed with teams in the
North Tyne and Rede valleys.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">He
then got a job just over the border in Scotland at the Hawick Brick Works
driving a steam Foden.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From there
he came back to Northumberland to work<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>at Swinburne quarry and then at Blaxter quarry as a shot firer, and in
the process of his travels he also lived at Falstone and finally at West
Woodburn. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">In
1935 Walter married Eleanor Scott from West Woodburn and they had four children
– Maureen (born 1942), Shirley (born 1944), Clive (born 1947) and Robin (born
1954).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">During
the WW11 Walter got a job looking after German POWs at Otterburn camp where
they were they were happy to admit that it was much safer in confinement that
fighting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Walter had a motorbike
and sidecar and it wasn’t unknown for him to land home with a German young lad
for Sunday lunch. Many of the prisoners were skilled craftsmen and made many
items in wood as presents for the Hymers family.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Like
many other young folk in those days, Walter picked up playing the fiddle by ear
and played in some local groups – none of them big enough to be names as a
band.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was a case of gathering
whoever was available at the time to play at a function, so numbers varied a
lot. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Walter
like many other local men was a keen gardener and exhibited at local Leek and
Horticultural Shows. Walter
retired in 1963 after a heart attack and died in October 1968 aged 65.</span></div>
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<b>The fiddle's current home</b><br />
I gave the fiddle to my son in Melbourne for safe keeping and he took it a renowned violin expert to restring it and give it a spring clean. The expert considered it to be a very good quality instrument.<br />
There was no label on the inside and Walter never told me anything of it's history. Walter would have had it for 50 years at least and I have had it for a similar period.<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhJQJ2QIEM58m38lZB2VUa9D6M7lyKj-krzmCJp6ARSg_VuwLXuU2Q8j2hLJEmN6bUZy_GrYtk_Q0gJUUVvqotX53YoYX7DoRKMWMW5ZDCil60i6BRYDtN4mhD5NZe7BMxP_appTvoam8/s1600/photo+copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhJQJ2QIEM58m38lZB2VUa9D6M7lyKj-krzmCJp6ARSg_VuwLXuU2Q8j2hLJEmN6bUZy_GrYtk_Q0gJUUVvqotX53YoYX7DoRKMWMW5ZDCil60i6BRYDtN4mhD5NZe7BMxP_appTvoam8/s400/photo+copy.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>My son Nigel and the Melbourne violin expert - and the old Hymers fiddle</b></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxjvkuLcdX1ERt9m1pjyN_VFB8dZBX6KJlU6PaEfHEPYThxt1dP-UIQRHVLjhouBf3AV7E4NhSXsVpwn-bNs5A1jvpbIF-ctR7VeuLm72_uIF8t2RfFLz95ItlY1nTeqpM4wRTth81pQI/s1600/P1010969.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxjvkuLcdX1ERt9m1pjyN_VFB8dZBX6KJlU6PaEfHEPYThxt1dP-UIQRHVLjhouBf3AV7E4NhSXsVpwn-bNs5A1jvpbIF-ctR7VeuLm72_uIF8t2RfFLz95ItlY1nTeqpM4wRTth81pQI/s640/P1010969.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">The fiddle safe in its current home in Melbourne Australia - a long way from West Woodburn.</span></b></td></tr>
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<br />Dr Clive Daltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15929644974912176271noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5563327546075276103.post-85789720632522818132017-11-03T10:56:00.003+13:002017-12-22T15:59:57.205+13:00F George Clark - 95th birthday tribute<style>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT8cSSmmRH1q1xmPdvAQIahUPhaR4sDFubmP74c4U0E-iAcWIo-6G5zyKycPG1UEl8vODDzKKrypu7DYVz9tLCw_8mZrE5KNs2Qee69bFP5eQlHmHMQwUkagv0A6OOvo_5GgW5OeweGjQ/s1600/IMG0044A.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT8cSSmmRH1q1xmPdvAQIahUPhaR4sDFubmP74c4U0E-iAcWIo-6G5zyKycPG1UEl8vODDzKKrypu7DYVz9tLCw_8mZrE5KNs2Qee69bFP5eQlHmHMQwUkagv0A6OOvo_5GgW5OeweGjQ/s320/IMG0044A.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">George (with the walking stick I made him) age 96 and daughter Helen</span></b></td></tr>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Before a well earned retirement to Waihi Beach, George Clark was a Waikato hill country farmer all his life, taking on the challenge with his brother to finish off the development of steep hill country at Te Pahu near Hamilton started by his parents. He is the father of New Zealand's highly respected former Prime Minister Helen Clark.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">George was a keen follower and supporter of our work at the Whatawhata Hill Country Research station. </span></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>The hills cleared of bush and scrub </b><b><b>for productive sheep and beef production</b> by the Clark family over the years . The pristine Kaniwhaniwha stream flows through the property down from Mount Pirongia </b></td></tr>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Looking back up the hill – a tribute to F.G.
Clark</span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">By Clive Dalton</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">At 95 and looking back</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Past contributions clear
to see,</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Great service to New
Zealand</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Is there on George’s
CV.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">George knew farming
was an ideal job</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">For those with little
brains,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Weak in head and
strong of back</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Would help to reach their
aims.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">George knew farming
was important</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">As meat and wool were
king,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">And Muldoon produced
incentives</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">More production for to
bring.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">He paid George a
dollar a ewe</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">70 million was
National’s boast,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">But Te Pahu never saw
such flocks</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Many suspected they were
ghosts.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">One PM had been a
farmer</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">And a decent bloke to
boot,</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Remember Keith Jacka Holyoake</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">George reckoned a
decent coot.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">George knew to dag and
crutch were noble </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">And hard work held no
fears,</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Crook backs, stuffed
hips and buggered knees</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Could be cured by a
few cold beers.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">He spent each year
with mission clear</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">To clear scrub from a Pirongia
slope,</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Today’s young men hide
out in town</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">And live on dole and
dope.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">George battled possums
all his life</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">A challenge long and
weighty,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">But his bigger pests
were bureaucrats</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Cos they were
resistant to 1080.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">He attended all MAF
Field Days</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">To see the latest
science map,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">But by the time he got
back home</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">He realised it was
total crap.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">George missed out on the
medals</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">For services to the
land,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Today’s ‘face-bookers’
in parliament</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Would never shake a
farmer’s hand.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">New Zealand has
changed since George’s day</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">With rabbits replaced
by ‘purists’,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">When John Key bailed
out he convinced us all</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">We’d all get rich from
tourists.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">George has seen farmers’
image die</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">And be the Greenies
targets,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Not one would know what
farmers do</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">As food comes from
supermarkets.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">George reared the young
Clarks on politics</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Preaching MPs were weak-kneed
charmers,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">And his proof came
from the highest source</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Te Pahu Federated
Farmers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">So lets honour George on
this great day</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">From hill country
steep and clean,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">And give him our best
wishes</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Till he gets some from
the Queen (God Bless Her).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxDqtbtv_jKbmx-NCEXb1jqezGPF3jyoIjjKo5HmemcX0zyjfFLj1pGx4W_2dLmpv1US_FXC6LJgO9craCdR7BwWlOTJor8OU0NKgsEER_PZBSrYEsk6UOpvO-1O08P-ZtiHE6QGe9W3I/s1600/pool+copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxDqtbtv_jKbmx-NCEXb1jqezGPF3jyoIjjKo5HmemcX0zyjfFLj1pGx4W_2dLmpv1US_FXC6LJgO9craCdR7BwWlOTJor8OU0NKgsEER_PZBSrYEsk6UOpvO-1O08P-ZtiHE6QGe9W3I/s640/pool+copy.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The swimming pool near the bridge on Limeworks Loop road across the Kaniwhaniwha stream where the Clark family used to swim.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
Dr Clive Daltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15929644974912176271noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5563327546075276103.post-55167400705109990942017-10-31T11:44:00.000+13:002017-11-12T12:24:11.122+13:00Northumberland farming. Village hayfield helpers<style>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">By Clive Dalton</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUWAGyJVd-y46-qjc6R-6gJkBDQS4akkkV6pH37aGMZIxbbYgeFMfNyqSMANOCx-WbDHlcYc5XZ5UoXFtPbkHKJwNYv77MzeOr8S1MMPJUJ4w20_ZEFpkM0iessyfuUF5cuA2nHxXwF0Y/s1600/Hayrake+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUWAGyJVd-y46-qjc6R-6gJkBDQS4akkkV6pH37aGMZIxbbYgeFMfNyqSMANOCx-WbDHlcYc5XZ5UoXFtPbkHKJwNYv77MzeOr8S1MMPJUJ4w20_ZEFpkM0iessyfuUF5cuA2nHxXwF0Y/s640/Hayrake+copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A hay rake used to row up the hay from windrows. You walked behind this model pulling a lever to raise the tines. Other models you rode on a seat and worked the tipping lever from there. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">A welcome sight</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">It was always a
welcome sight during hay time when we saw helpers turning up from the village
to lend us a hand with the haymaking.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They came after finishing their full time day’s work on the railway, the
roads or in the village businesses.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Most village folk in
the 1950s and 1960s had done some farm work in their lives, so they knew how to
handle a rake and a fork, and never lost these skills.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In return for their work, those with
gardens or allotments were paid with a good big load of hemmel (covered yard) manure
in the autumn, so it would rot away nicely before spring planting of their
vegetables.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Any village ‘professionals’
were happy to be rewarded by the opportunity to get some fresh air and exercise
on a summer’s evening - and for the ‘crack’!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Their help from late
afternoon till evening, fitted in well with the hay making routine, and
included the evening time of most midge savagery,.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Mowing and turning</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Grass was cut in the
early morning when moist from dew so it cut easily, and before the sun started to
warm up – hopefully.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the horse
era this was cool for the heavy work of pulling the mower.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Then the grass cut the
previous day or days, and depending on the weather, was turned about 11am when
the horses had been given time for a rest and feed after mowing, and before
being yoked into the hay turner which was much lighter work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When tractors arrived – which was a
slow process up the North Tyne, this was not an issue.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">The turned swaths were
then left to bake in the sun with farm staff going around with a fork and
‘shekin up’ any thick bits the turner had not teased out.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ‘double swath (‘double sweeth’)
around the outside of the field was an area that always needed a good shake out
(‘shek oot’) with the fork.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Windrowing</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">By mid afternoon the crackling
dry hay (hopefully) would be ready to rake up into windrows. If there was time,
these would be checked for lumps that had not dried properly. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">By late afternoon,
after the afternoon tea had been welcomed, it was time to get ready to sweep
the hay in the windrows into large heaps that were used material to make the
pikes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">It was for piking that
extra help was appreciated and you kept your eye open with keen anticipation to
see which helpers appeared all keen to get into the action.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The main thing about this from the
‘Daft Laddies’s’ view was that the more help that arrived, the sooner you would
get finished, and well before the moon arose!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We used to say ‘thank God for dark’ as you kept going till
the job was finished.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Farm regulars</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Farms had their
regular helpers who looked forward to hay time and the rituals that went with
it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here’s a list of a few in the
Bellingham and Reedsmouth area that I was involved with from childhood to
student days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They were all great
friends and mentors.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-insideh-themecolor: text1; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev-themecolor: text1; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 191;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Farm</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Farmer</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Helper</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Helpers job</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Blakelaw</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">John & Lance
Riddle</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Tommy Davidson</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Railway surfaceman</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Demesne</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Bob& Jack
Beattie</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Jack Maughan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Bank clerk</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Willie Potts</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Retired farmer</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Foundry </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Geordie Breckons</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Harry Dalton</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Jake Cowan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Railway guard</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Wagon driver</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Redesmouth </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Robert Allen</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Jim Swanson</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Engine driver</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Robson girls</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Retired farmers</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1.0pt; border: solid black; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Dove Cottage</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">James Wood</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Jimmy Cairns</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1.0pt; border-right: solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.45pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Railway surfaceman</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Learning skills</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Many of us children
would join these willing helpers, mainly to have fun among the hay and to
scrounge some late afternoon tea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If there was a spare rake you were allowed to use it under careful
supervision, living in fear that you would break a tooth through your
behaviour.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They were strict
teachers of the art of handling tools.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Piking</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">And the helpers were
skilled at piking, and making sure you carried out the rituals to the letter,
especially if you were forking hay up to a man who stood on the pike to ‘poss doon’
(consolidate) the hay to the very last forkful.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And also when you were raking the sides of the pike so all
straws were facing down to shed off the rain (‘dressin doon’), you didn’t over
do things so a side of the pike fell out and brought down the person on top.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">I learned these fine
arts from about 7 years of age at Dove Cottage small farm, where Jimmy Cairns
was an expert in making possed (compressed) pikes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was a big man but had wonderful balance when the last
part of the pike’s top was being completed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">He had an unfortunate
stutter so his request for ‘another smaaa ffffffforkfu’ was slow to
arrive!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He described it as the
size of a hen’s nest, which you had to deliver with great precision so not to
poke him in the foot with the fork tines. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">When haste was needed
because of doubtful weather, we usually make pikes ‘built on the trail’, which
was where you used the swept heap of hay as the base, making sure it did not
come adrift when you had the pike half built.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">The farm women folk</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Generally the helpers
were mainly men, as the women on the farm were the key to preparing and
bringing out the food for afternoon tea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They often stayed on to help if they could see the pressure was on
because rain was on its way.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">They were equally
skilled as the men but concentrated on the lighter jobs like hand ‘raking the
trails’ which was the hay left after the windrows had been swept.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Every straw was precious!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">A few local women who
during the war had been in the Land Army would come and help just for the
enjoyment and memories of more worrying times.</span></div>
Dr Clive Daltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15929644974912176271noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5563327546075276103.post-81133187104202136792017-03-20T16:29:00.004+13:002017-08-15T14:33:10.596+12:00Farm employment for school leavers<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">By Dr Clive Dalton</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Remembering the
students in my time (1993-2000) who went through The Waikato Polytech (TWP)
farming courses, we learned so much from them and their experiences, and we
also learned from their employers, many of whom had been former students years
before.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are a host of issues
for young folk leaving home and starting their first farm job – with the aim of
making farming their long-term career.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">From school to adulthood</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Teachers with students
who considered them as low academic achievers always saw farming as a good employment
option.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Investing further time in trying
to rescue them was not worth it, and in any case the school didn’t have the
time, facilities or money to fix the problem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The problem still exits and nobody in the education system
seems to have a solution.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">The education system
had failed these and generations of students, and as they could leave school at
15 if they had work or further training to go to, the story was to get them out
the school gate as fast as possible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">So a full-time farming
course like our Dairy Farm Trainee course was ideal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many students told me that their teachers said that ‘it
would be better for the teacher and the school, if the student left!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So the student couldn’t wait to get out
of boredom, and frustration that school was.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Full-time training</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">It was hard for many
15-16 year-olds who had had a bad experience at school, to realise that they
had moved into the adult world where what was expected of them was very
different.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I regularly failed to
get them to realise that school class behaviour didn’t apply at a Polytech,
where we were tutors and shouldn’t be expected to wast time (and their money) on
class discipline. I regularly reminded them that they or somebody was paying
for their tuition.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">But a Polytech full
time 6-month course (January till June) for these young folk was ideal, as they
could enjoy the social bonding with their peers, at a time of their lives where
they matured so quickly in so many ways – before the shock of going to a farm
to start the calving. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">They came to the
Polytech as youths and left as young men and women ready to play their part in
the farming world. The two periods of work experience (three weeks each) that students
did on Polytech approved farms were invaluable, for students to see what was
required of them, and the farmers could provide an accurate assessment for the
Polytech about the student on their strengths and weaknesses before full time
employment at calving.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Many work experience
farmers employed the students they had for work experience, as they were so
pleased with them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The sad thing
was the dropout rate when measured 2-3 years later and showed what could only
be described as a large exodus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We
had no accurate data on this, as it was hard for the Polytech to keep track if
the initial trainees, unless they came back for further advanced courses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was from these students that we
found out what happened to their classmates and where they had gone.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Living with the boss</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">This is probably
unique to farming. What other jobs do you live 24/7 in close proximity to your
employer?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s a situation rich in
hazards. For the first-time trainee, the student had to eat with the family
with meals provided, with their own separate bedroom in the house, or they
could have a ‘sleep out’ attached to or near the house.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In some jobs a farm cottage was
available as part of the contract (if there was a signed contract which is
mandatory).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Depending on the
contract the new employee could be faced with the added chores of cooking,
laundry and cleaning, and other chores, which parents may not have taught them.
One of the things we included on our Dairy Farm Trainee course was how to make
a bed, how to sew on a button, and how to prepare some food.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Then there were issues
like the choice of music in the house and in the milking shed, and the TV
programmes watched.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Later the use
of the Internet was the main issue.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">The employer’s
children could also be a problem for the young worker, where the kids pestered
them or the kids’ behaviour caused frustration in the house and the worker
could not discipline them in front of the parents.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Who is the boss?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">It would seem clear at
interview that the boss was ‘him’ on the farm, and ‘her’ in the house.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But after a few ‘domestics’ during
milking and other arguments on the farm, that the trainee found out that ‘she’
was in charge of all directions and management decisions, so taking orders
could be tricky to avoid getting reprimanded from one or other of the
employers. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Three is a bad combination. That's why three sheep are used in a dog trial because they split into a 2:1 combination.</span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">So the biggest risk
area to avoid conflict is job priorities – the question of which jobs had to
be done and in what order?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And whose
instructions did the employee follow to avoid conflict? </span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">What will I learn?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">This is a key issue
for a young person starting work on a farm, as so often despite all the great
prospects with a top farm employer, by the end of the season, very little has
been learned. In so many cases all the employee gets to do is to milk and then
spray weeds between milkings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">It’s easy for this to
happen as the employer finds it easy of letting staff concentrate on what they
are good at, and forget about their mental stimulation and ambition to learn as
much as possible, so they can climb up the farming ladder and build their CV to
move to management in quick time.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">I remember one top
student who we helped get employment with a local prize-winning sharemilker so
he would progress at maximum speed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I saw his mother and asked how he’d got on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was not pleased and said that all he had done was spray
weeds and spread Urea on each grazing block when the cows had vacated. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">How much time off?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Time off the farm was
‘the’ top priority for the new employee as well as everyone else on the farm,
but for a young first-time worker, in some contracts time off was never enough.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One weekend off a month in the contract
was the standard, with variations of this to cover calving.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But when you think about this – it’s
not all that generous for a young worker away from home for the first time.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Depending on the
isolation of the farm, the question was where did you go for a short break?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So many young folk were so tired that
they spent most of their time off in bed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">I once asked a class –
what was the biggest deficiency on a dairy farm, expecting to hear it was
pasture quantity and quality.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once
student was in no doubt – he said it was ‘sleep’ and the whole class of 20
others agreed with him.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Most farms are
separated by distances that need a vehicle to get anywhere, and for many the
nearest town for a drink and a feed could be at least 30 minutes away.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then there were the hazards of getting
home again, depending on where you had been and what you had been up to when
out.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">I was often surprised
at how many 15-16-year-olds were secretly homesick, but maybe not in these days
of social media and Skype.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But
then we know the other side of this – getting off the phone to do some work!</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;"><b>Time off for classes </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It's critical that first time employees are encouraged to attend classes so they can start on their NZQA Units, and that the employer agrees to help with this and becomes an approved trainer.<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Your
CV</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">In the old days when you had to handwrite
your CV, this could tell the employer a lot.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But since word processing came in, fancy paper and folders
and folk in town who will come and organise your CV for a fee, things are
different as a fancy layout can cover up a lot of deficiencies.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">It’s still a good idea to add a covering
hand-written letter to your CV, but make sure there are no spelling mistakes
and it’s neat and tidy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is
plenty of good information available these days on the Net about preparing a
CV. See my blog (http://woolshed1.blogspot.co.nz/search?q=Preparing+a+CV) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The thing to remember is that an employer
could have 10-20 CVs to look through for a top job, and it’s not a daunting
task deciding which applicant to call up for interview, as it cost considerable
time and money to do this.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>More
employers now are hiring an agent to sort out a short list for interview.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">One student had a trick where he knew the
employer would have many applicants and he phoned him to say he was passing the
farm soon and could he call in for chat about the job.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He always got the job as he knew that
he would save the employer hours of work sorting out who to contact.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mind you, he was a really top student
and has gone on to great heights in the industry.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Memorable student tips for interviews</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">See my blog (http://woolshed1.blogspot.co.nz/search?q=Preparing+a+CV)
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">On the way
to an interview, ask at the local garage or shop for directions to the farm,
saying that you are going to see about a job.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Carefully note the response you get. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Ask the
employer how long the previous workers had stayed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>See if you can be given their contacts.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Ask how
long milking takes, as there’s plenty of evidence that shows after an hour and
a half, concentration falls and you’ll need some food and drink to boost your
energy. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some workers are milking
for four hours twice a day.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">And at the
interview, check early on if the female boss is signed up with Jenny Craig,
because if she is you’ll die of hunger.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">If the
employer takes you for a farm inspection, make sure you get out of the vehicle
and open the gates!</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">If you
have a serious girlfriend or partner, be up front and take her along.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">If you’ve
been on dope – don’t apply for the job.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Be careful
about listing your pastimes, as many bosses see these as demands on farm work
time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But be honest.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Dr Clive Daltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15929644974912176271noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5563327546075276103.post-28119825100012406582016-03-01T22:05:00.001+13:002017-08-15T14:46:26.259+12:00Farm working dogs in New Zealand. 12. Dog Trials <style>
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<span style="color: #6aa84f;"><b>By Dr Clive Dalton</b></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">History </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5mQWvuFJZIGCywHa-Ds4MgG55lp3zrMqyTfYm9uo3xHgNgmYBuFHRGSabFLVB_dtOCgETXX7oXlRjakJP4kwfarTiVWkc7FKSzuF9xn5RzVm-AI5zg3R92qxcaGpujE2hFEXZ1nqI6Fo/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-03-01+at+10.00.21+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5mQWvuFJZIGCywHa-Ds4MgG55lp3zrMqyTfYm9uo3xHgNgmYBuFHRGSabFLVB_dtOCgETXX7oXlRjakJP4kwfarTiVWkc7FKSzuF9xn5RzVm-AI5zg3R92qxcaGpujE2hFEXZ1nqI6Fo/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-03-01+at+10.00.21+PM.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Photo of 'Old Hemp' bred in Northumberland (UK) and now has his DNA in dog trial and working dogs around the world.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Dog trials have been part of New Zealand life
since the establishment of sheep farming.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The late Neil Rennie’s research found that the first NZ trial was
probably held at Wanaka in 1867 although it was not reported in the press.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">However, Neil found a trial reported in the
Oamaru Times (now the Oamaru Mail) of July 9, 1869 as the third trial held on
June 22-23 at Wanaka.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So these
trials certainly outdated what was considered to be the world's first dog trial
at Bala in North Wales in 1873!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Neil was always very thrilled with this historical fact!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The first trials were a bit sporadic, and
it wasn't until dog trial clubs were formed that regular events took
place.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first trial, which
included huntaway events Neil found was at Black Forest station in 1870.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Dog trialing in NZ is controlled by the NZ
Sheep Dog Trial Association which is made up of affiliated member clubs with
meetings starting with the summer A&P shows and culminating in regional and
national finals in about June.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There are shepherds trial and maiden dog trials for the less experienced
held throughout the year.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Dog trialing, while still an important way
to select top dogs, has through Television become a competitive sport with
great public interest.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Entry
qualifications for trials</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The only qualification for a dog to enter a
trial is its ability to work sheep.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Pedigree, colour, age or sex are not important.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Handlers can be of any age and there is
no sex discrimination!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Competitors
must be the bona fide owner of the dog being run, and should have owned the dog
for at least 6 weeks before the competition.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Each trial has its rules of entry. At some
you may have to pre-enter some days before with runs pre-scheduled to keep to a
strict timetable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In others you
enter on the day but may have to wait till dusk to compete!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Most trial organisations now insist that
dogs have a current hydatids treatment certificate</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Check
the rules</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">It's very important for competitors to
check the rules of the particular SDTA before they start.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You can get them from any Dog Trail
Club secretary and are fairly common to all trials.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, there may be some non-standard events which are
displayed at the trial.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">In almost all NZ trials one dog works three
sheep.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The running of
"doubles" where a shepherd works two dogs or more is a British
practice and is only used here for television presentations to provide more
entertainment for the viewer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Standard
classes</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">There are four main standard classes for
trials run under the NZSDTA.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Class
1: - Heading dogs - long head or long pull.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The competitor and dog stands in a ring
from 200-500m in diameter, and in a direct line away from where three sheep are
set free by a "liberator" or "slipper".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the judge calls "time"
the dog is sent on its "outrun" or "cast".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It should be free-running and the dog
should not waver, tack or stop.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Most long-head runs start on a hill and finish on the flat, depending on
the trial location.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">A pear-shaped outrun is ideal and it can be
to the left or right of the handler.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Generally most courses favour a right-hand cast.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A very wide outrun as used in a big
paddock is not wanted but it's also important that the dog does not run so
direct at the sheep that it panics them and they take flight.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">When the dog completes the outrun, it
should stop in such a position that when the sheep move, they come in a
straight line to the handler.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
is known as "stopping on balance," before the dog "lifts"
the sheep or starts them moving.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The dog now executes the "pull"
or drive the sheep straight towards the handler.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The sheep should not stop on their journey and the pull is
completed when the sheep enter the ring where the handler stands.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is the "hold" and is
"claimed" by the handler standing still with outstretched arms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After the "claim" the judge
will call "right".</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">To go for the perfect hold the handler
moves around the sheep as they enter the ring so the final scene is the sheep
facing the dog with the handler behind them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The time allocated for this event is
usually about 9 - 14 minutes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h1>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: small;">Class 2: - Heading dogs - short head and yard</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The competitor and dog stand in a pegged
quadrangle or "quad".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As
in Class 1, the dog makes an outrun and pulls the sheep to the handler,
entering the quad between the front markers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even if the sheep escape, they must be taken back to enter
the quad through "the front door", and the handler cannot leave the
quad until this is completed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Competitor and dog then move the sheep
along a pegged 20m-wide lane towards two parallel hurdles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They cannot stray outside the lane on
this "first drive".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
handler can move across "the drive" but shouldn't get ahead of the
shoulder of the leading sheep or move backwards.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Points are lost for excessive movement or
running, or for the competitor and dog changing sides during the drive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This first drive ends at a peg in the
middle of the lane, 10m away from the hurdles through which the sheep have got
to be driven.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">After all the sheep have passed the peg,
the handler may move about freely to help the dog drive the sheep through the
hurdles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The sheep are now in the
"free working area" ready to pass through the hurdles that are 3m
apart.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All sheep and the handler
must pass through the hurdles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So
if any slip past, they must be brought back.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The "second drive" is similar to
the first and ends at a line 10m from the yard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once over this line, the competitor can go to the 2m square
yard and open the gate until it hits a stop that prevents it opening more than
90 degrees.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once the hand is on
the gate, it cannot be released until the sheep are completely inside the pen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The gate cannot be used to frighten the
sheep and drive them in.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That's
the dog's job!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No part of the
competitor, including the stick which must be no more than 1m long, is
permitted to come forward of the line extending along the gate and out from its
head.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Only behind this line can
the competitor move about to assist the dog.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The run is completed when the sheep are
penned and the gate shut.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The time
for this event is usually about 10 - 14 minutes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h1>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: small;">Class 3:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Huntaways - Zigzag hunts</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">For the "zigzag" or
"huntaway with slew" the competitor stands at the bottom of the
course, usually in a pegged area and facing a steep hill.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Three sheep are liberated at the top of
the course and at the call of "time" the trial starts.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The competitor directs the dog to hunt the
sheep in a straight line through the first two pegs marked on the course.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The sheep must then change direction or
"slew" towards a second set of makers and then proceed to the top
markers in line with the first.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The dog must "face-up" to the
sheep.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In other words it must bark
at the sheep, and not at the handler.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The time for this event is usually around 8
- 10 minutes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h1>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: small;">Class 4:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Huntaways - straight hunt</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This begins in the same way as the zigzag
but the only markers are those at the top of the course.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The sheep have to be hunted directly to
the centre of these top markers - in as straight a line as possible.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">At some trials, class 3 and 4 are run on
the same course, with the two sets of markers being ignored for the straight
hunt.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Time allowed for this event is usually
about 8 - 10 minutes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">General
points</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">The aim of trials is to
demonstrate a high level of stock handling and dog control.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">The challenge is to be able to
assess quickly the sheep's strengths and weaknesses.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">The aim is to direct force at
stock from a distance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The dog
must be careful but firm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">The first contact of the dog
with the sheep is a critical time and must be accomplished with great care.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">There is no disgrace in not
finishing a run.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It's better to
withdraw with grace than hound some other person's sheep to injury or
exhaustion.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Withdrawal is indicated by a
wave to the judge or walking off the course.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you cannot control the sheep, then leave them for the
officials to handle.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Judging</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Judges are all experienced dog trialists
who aim to judge each run with impartiality and to a uniform standard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Judging in nearly all NZ trials is by
one judge who takes points off the perfect score of 100.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are a large number of reasons to
deduct points.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here are some major
ones:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Not completing the run.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">A dog that loses concentration
and stops to sniff an area or urinate.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">A huntaway that shows
inattention to the sheep, eg looks back and barks at the handler called
"barking off the stock".</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">A heading dog that makes a slow
outrun without much purpose</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">A heading dog that bites sheep.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Cattle
dog trials</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Although sheep dogs work cattle, trials to
demonstrate this skill have not been popular in New Zealand.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">The
Stud Book</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The NZ Sheepdog Stud Book, in which all
dogs that win trials can be entered started in 1940.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is run by a stud book committee and a registrar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Further
information</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">New Zealand Sheep Dog Trail Association, PO
Box 307, Hastings, New Zealand.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Further
reading</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Burns, M and Fraser, M.N. (1966).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Genetics of the Dog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>London: Oliver and Boyd</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Dalton, D.C.(1983).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Farm Working Dogs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ministry of Agriculture & Fisheries
AgLink advisory leaflets.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>FPP 613,
695, 696, 697, 698,699, 700, 701, 702, 703,704, 775.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Fox, M.W. (1965).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Canine Behaviour. Springfield: C.C. Thomas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Fox, M.W. (1972).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Understanding Your Dog. New York: Coward. McCann and
Geoghegan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Kelly, R.B. (1958).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sheep Dogs. Sydney: Angus and
Robertson.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Longton, T and Hart, E (1969).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Your Sheep Dog and its
Training.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Battle (Sussex):<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alan Exley.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Lorenz, K (1953)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Man Meets Dog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>London:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penguin Books.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Rennie, N (1984).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Working dogs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Shortland Publications, Auckland NZ.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>96p</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Scott. J.P. and Fuller, J.L. (1965).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Genetics and Social Behaviour of the
Dog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chicago: University of
Chicargo Press.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Dr Clive Daltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15929644974912176271noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5563327546075276103.post-79901153966752282562016-03-01T21:54:00.000+13:002017-08-15T14:47:01.759+12:00Farm working dogs in New Zealand. 11. The Law and your Dog<style>
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><b> By Dr Clive Dalton</b></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">The
law</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Ownership of a working dog carries with it
some clearly-defined legal responsibilities under current legislation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Your main responsibilities are to:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Make sure a dog is registered
and that the certificate is in a secure place and readily available.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Have collars, discs, or tags
for all dogs and make sure they wear them at all times.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Notify any change of address,
either permanent or temporary if you move, or if you sell the dog.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ensure discs or labels are not
tampered with.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Present all dogs for treatment
for hydatids as required.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Keep dogs under control at all
times.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Make certain dogs are well
housed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ensure dogs are well fed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The dog is also covered under legislation
that states that an animal must be provided with adequate food, water, and
shelter, and given adequate exercise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Ill-treating your dog or cruelly ill-treating it is an offence under the
law.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Registration</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">All dogs must be registered annually with a
"territorial authority" such as a borough council, county council,
district council or city council, or a hydatids and dog control authority
acting on behalf of these.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All
farm dogs over 3 months of age must be registered.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The fees vary with each territorial
authority and some charge lower fees for working dogs and neutered dogs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You are not allowed to shop round for
the cheapest authority - you register your dog where you live!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Proof of ownership, other than the owner's
certificate is the label or disc that the dog should wear at all times.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This shows:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">The territorial authority where
the dog is registered.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Year of registration, also
shown by the colour of the tag.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">The dog's ownership number.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">New collars can be purchased from the
authority.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Old ones can be used
provided the current label or tag is firmly attached.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If a collar or disc is lost, you can apply to the authority
for a replacement and you'll have to pay for it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Remember that if a dog is found without a
collar, it will be "deemed as unregistered" until you can prove the
contrary.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Selling
a dog</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">When selling a dog, if it's under 3 months
of age, there is no obligation to register it before sale.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you sell the dog when over 3 months
of age you must notify the territorial authority in writing within 14 days that
the dog has been sold.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There's no
fee charged for change of ownership.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">When selling a dog you must:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Give the new owner a current
treatment certificate showing that the dog has <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>been treated for
hydatids in the last 42 days.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Provide the authority with the
name and address of the new owner and the <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>address where the
dog in normally kept.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Buying
a dog</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">If you buy a dog under 3 months of age, the
vendor doesn't have to produce a hydatids treatment certificate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a new owner you must:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Register the dog before it's 3
months old</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">If over 3 months old, get the
original owner to provide a certificate to show the dog has been treated for
hydatids in the last 42 days.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Notify the territorial
authority in writing within 14 days of purchase the name of the authority the
dog came from.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Moving
with your dog</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">If you move within the same territorial
authority, then notify the territorial authority of your address change, in
writing, within 14 days .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">If you move to a new authority, notify them
in writing within 6 weeks of moving where the dog came from.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then inform the authority you
have just left that you've moved, and give them the new address where the dog
is kept.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It would pay to do this
in writing too.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">These two situations are important for
stockpersons doing casual work and for those having dogs on trial before
purchase.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It's also important for
people traveling outside their district to always carry their dogs' hydatids
treatment certificate. It should show that treatment has been carried out
within the last 42 days.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Control
of dogs</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This part of the act is important for farm
dogs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It covers the fact that dogs
must be kept under control at all times.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If a dog is considered to be out of control, then a number of things can
happen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Important examples are:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">A Dog Control Officer can
impound it.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">The occupier of the land on
which the dog is found can impound it.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">If the dog is in a public place
from which dogs are prohibited, anyone can seize the dog, or arrange for it to
be seized and impounded.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Anyone can impound a dog (or
dogs) if they consider it to be causing distress, annoyance, and damage to
property other than the owners.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The occupier of land where a dog causes a
nuisance can either return the dog to its owner or hand it over to a Dog
Control Officer or Dog Ranger.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Barking
dogs</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">If a barking dog has been reported to a Dog
Control Officer or Dog Ranger, and there are reasonable grounds to believe that
its barking constitutes a nuisance, an officer or ranger can:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Enter the land or premises
(other than a dwelling house) at any reasonable time to inspect the conditions
under which the dog is kept.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Give the owner a written notice
requiring him/her to abate the nuisance or remove the dog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The owner may object within 7 days.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Disqualification
from ownership</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">A territorial authority may apply to a
court to disqualify a person from owning a dog if convicted of a range of
listed offences in the legislation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Dogs
attacking people or livestock or rushing at vehicles</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Anyone who sees a dog attack stock or
poultry, or who is themselves attacked, can either seize the dog or destroy it
immediately.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Note that police dogs
are exempt!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once you have seized
the dog, you must hand it over to its owner or to a Dog Control Officer or
Ranger.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">If you cannot catch the dog, you may call a
police officer who can shoot it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It need not be caught in the act for this to happen, but the office must
have reasonable ground for believing the attacks took place.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The police officer is empowered to destroy
the dog only if he/she is unable to seize it.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Dangerous
dogs at large</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">It is an offence for owners of a dangerous
dog to have it at large without a suitable muzzle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A "dangerous dog" is one that has attacked people,
stock, poultry or property of any kind.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If you keep it in a vehicle or cage, then this is acceptable.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Destroying
dangerous dogs</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">A court can order the owner of a dangerous
dog either to keep it under proper restraint or make an order for it to be
destroyed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Seizure
or destruction of a dog found at large among livestock</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">If a dog is found running at large among
livestock or poultry, the owner may either seize a dog or destroy it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Owners can also request their
"agent", a constable, a Dog Control Officer or Ranger to do this on
their behalf.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">If seized the dog must be returned to its
owner or delivered into the custody of a Dog Control Officer or Ranger.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Dogs
seen worrying livestock</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">If a dog has been seen worrying livestock
of poultry, the owner may make a complaint to the District Court.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The court as a result may make an order
of restraint or an order to destroy the dog.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Liability
of the owner for damage</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The owner of a dog is liable for all damage
done by the animal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Dog
control bylaws</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">A territorial authority can make bylaws for
a range of purposes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Those of
interest to farm dog owners are:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Prescribing minimum standards
for accommodation of dogs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Limiting the number of dogs
kept on land or premises.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Requiring dogs to be tied up
during the hours of darkness.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Requiring owners to remove
faeces left in public places or other people's land.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Requiring a bitch to be
confined but given adequate exercise.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Impounding dogs found at large.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Wounding
of dogs</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">If you wound a dog while trying to shoot
it, you are under no criminal or civil liability for injury to the dog or for
its death.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, it's incumbent
on you to take all reasonable steps to terminate the animal's suffering.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Offences relating to offal and untreated meat</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">It is an offence to:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Own a dog infected with
hydatids or that has been infected twice in the last 12 months.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Your only defence will be to show you
took all reasonable steps to prevent the second infection.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Feed a dog raw offal or raw
sheep or goat meat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sell offal or untreated sheep
or goat meat for feeding to dogs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Leave the carcasses of any
sheep, cattle, horse, deer, goat or swine to lie in the open accessible to
dogs.</span></div>
Dr Clive Daltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15929644974912176271noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5563327546075276103.post-36061122391953036352016-03-01T21:20:00.001+13:002017-08-15T14:47:40.706+12:00Farm working Dogs in New Zealand. 10. Practical Feeding<style>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #6aa84f;">By Dr Clive Dalton</span></span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUU5n0HTavetMdF4fdRpiVIwPbEfrzJcVGjA9h60ux3OGFC5hdqCcJLzZWkDoeeu5or7Ram25ueA6N_iVIYKq1aFMxLQGXpFNEFoRIAu4NaPIjRWZUDpPQG79-MJM_aSwzX24NWHkUg7U/s1600/Old+dog+copy+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUU5n0HTavetMdF4fdRpiVIwPbEfrzJcVGjA9h60ux3OGFC5hdqCcJLzZWkDoeeu5or7Ram25ueA6N_iVIYKq1aFMxLQGXpFNEFoRIAu4NaPIjRWZUDpPQG79-MJM_aSwzX24NWHkUg7U/s320/Old+dog+copy+2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: red;"><b>Old dogs need special care after many years of loyal service</b></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"> </span> </span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"> Balanced
feeding</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Dogs need a balanced diet, which has
everything in it to meet their needs for maintenance and production. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">What
does a dog need for maintenance?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Table below has a mass of information on the
energy and protein that a dog needs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>First, look at the layout.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaahXBKbeHZPgCY2FArfEUyBgXYWOcJagiINt8-rA7epPooUSFC623nESFaXZWTBimrjY3LpFvR95L0y150qZKf1SE-NYUFKXk9nM3P452qJo2hMUOqPsS2IKctKCV82B_91BWiKpuGm8/s1600/Scan+1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaahXBKbeHZPgCY2FArfEUyBgXYWOcJagiINt8-rA7epPooUSFC623nESFaXZWTBimrjY3LpFvR95L0y150qZKf1SE-NYUFKXk9nM3P452qJo2hMUOqPsS2IKctKCV82B_91BWiKpuGm8/s640/Scan+1.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> </span><b><span lang="EN-US">Note these features:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">There is information for three
weights of dogs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">The maintenance needs per
weight of dog are shown in kcal of energy and in grams of protein.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So a small dog (15kg) needs 1005kcal of
energy and 72g of protein each day to sustain its body functions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">There is a range of diets in
the left column and their energy and protein contents are shown beside them.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Look back in the column for
each weight of dog and you can see how much of that diet to feed and how near
that quantity comes to meet the maintenance needs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">For example: 450 g of meat will provide 900
kcal of energy and 81g of protein.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This is 105 kcals of energy too little, and 9g of protein too much.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It's "near enough" you could
say.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">What
about 'production' (working) needs?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Here you have to provide feed over and
above maintenance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>See Table
below which shows the number of times you multiply the maintenance feeds by to
meet the dog’s nutritional needs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Dogs in work</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Light exercise<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.5
x M</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Medium exercise<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.0
x M</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Heavy exercise<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.5
x M</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Bitches</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Late pregnancy<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.5
x M</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Early lactation<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.0
x M</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Pups</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Up to 7 weeks<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.0
x M</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">7-9 weeks<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.0
x M</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">9 weeks onwards<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>decrease
to adult levels</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Calcium
and phosphorus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The Calcium and Phosphorus daily needs for
a dog are shown in table below. </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span lang="EN-US">The table shows when supplements are needed
for that range of diets.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you
need to add Ca or P, how much do you provide - the answer is in table 4, using
the most readily available sources of dicalcium phosphate or bonemeal, and
calcium carbonate.</span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Minerals
and vitamins</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Look at table below to see which type of diet
is likely to be short of minerals and vitamins.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR-5C9alTEiAsInFAZ4JyEDyWmTFfa3EP4vYHRjiQiiHPPraN7aA0JAvLG-vQ8YOxeKDYYnzd0hDYBxrppP83qBi50ta7M7McVvk-IoEIy0laZRkmO6GhzZJn9UQ-E4K3-Kf4dfr69xxY/s1600/Scan+5.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR-5C9alTEiAsInFAZ4JyEDyWmTFfa3EP4vYHRjiQiiHPPraN7aA0JAvLG-vQ8YOxeKDYYnzd0hDYBxrppP83qBi50ta7M7McVvk-IoEIy0laZRkmO6GhzZJn9UQ-E4K3-Kf4dfr69xxY/s640/Scan+5.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Note that the all-meat diet is short of all
those listed so has serious implications for health.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Note also that vitamins D and E are going to be short
in all the diets.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">The
all-meat diet</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">So many farmers
will tell you that an all-meat diet is ideal for a working dog and they'll back
their opinion with a lifetime's experience of feeding meat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They point out that dogs are carnivores
so meat is their natural diet. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">These opinions are flawed!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But there are hundreds of farmers who
won't accept these basic facts and nutritionists are regularly criticised for
their ignorance of real life on a farm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Owners also argue that commercially available diets are too expensive
and there are plenty of cull stock to eat up which have little market value.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Again, remember my first question of
what is a dog worth to your business.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">There are all
sorts of problems with all-meat diets for working dogs, and they require
substantial supplementation with minerals like calcium, phosphorus and iodine,
as well as vitamins.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dogs on these
so-called all-meat diets are in fact supplementing them by scavenging.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are eating dung, carrion and
goodness knows what else.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They
maybe look all right but are not being kept at peak fitness, which a balanced
diet allows.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Skinny underweight
dogs are unhealthy and are even more prone to parasite attack.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">The second
common error is thinking that adding milk will balance an all-meat diet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is not true either.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Bones</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Bones with a red
tinge of meat on them provide very little nutrients.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bones are good dental exercise - and that's about all.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They do contain some calcium and
phosphorus but it's better to supply these important minerals in other more
digestible forms if needed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">How long was the meat frozen?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">This is a
concern on farms where there are many shepherds using meat out of the same
freezer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are no
problems if the meat is cut up, bagged and dated, but so often this doesn't
happen and you don't know how long the meat has been frozen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you mark on plastic bags remember
the ink may come off or be hard to read when iced over.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tie-on labels are always readable.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">The rule of
holding meat at minus 10 degrees C for 7 days is a MINIMUM.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Please note well this point.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And it's important to make sure
the meat is at minus 10 right at the centre.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As many old freezers are used for dog meat, they sometimes
are not at peak efficiency.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you
have any concerns, get your Dog Control Officer to check the freezer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Big bags of
mince for example will take much longer than 7 days to get to minus 10 C in the
middle so they are not treated properly.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">The key is to
have a system that rotates the meat, and that everyone involved in using the
meat understands it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you buy
low-grade carcasses from a meatworks, make sure they have been held at the
correct temperature and for the correct time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The same would apply to local abattoir meat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">All meat sold at
licensed pet food shops must meet the requirements of the Hydatids Act, so you
can buy there with confidence.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Thawing frozen meat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Imagine working
hard all day and getting a frozen joint to chew at all night.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What a great reward from a
grateful boss!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This happens
to many dogs when things are busy and the planning breaks down.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Allow at least a day for meat to thaw
out and in winter it may take 2-3 days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>So allow plenty of time for this.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">And remember –
the juices that flow from frozen meat contain important vitamins and minerals
that the dog should have.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
chore of catching the juice and returning it to the meat just shows impractical
all-meat feeding is.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="line-height: 12pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: small;">Cooking sheep and goat meat for
dogs</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: 12pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: small;">Do NOT feed any
fresh sheep or goat meats to dogs, to prevent the spread of sheep measles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cooked meat must be brought to the boil
and then left for a minimum of 30 minutes, and probably more like an hour.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If there is still blood showing at the
end of the cooking time, then boil it a little longer.</span></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Cooking offal and sheep and goat meat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">This is a messy
time-consuming business, even when proper facilities with modern electric
cookers and time switches are available.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Although the law allows the feeding of correctly cooked offal, you would
be wise to forget the idea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">With so many
good dog feeds available these days, it’s unwise to feed cooked offal to
dogs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you think that
feeding cooked offal produces a cheap dog feed, then you should do your sums
again.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The true costs and the
risks make it a poor alternative feed for dogs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">The risks of
inadequate cooking are high because cooking time can vary depending on many
things.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a general rule, 1.5 to
2 hours is needed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If there is still
blood showing at the end of cooking time, then the meat needs some more
treatment.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Feeding other meats</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Meat from
cattle, horses, deer, rabbits, pigs and possums can be fed raw to dogs without
risk of infection from sheep measles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>However, it would be unwise to feed raw possum in areas where there is a
risk of Tb which dogs could pick up.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Other dietary problems</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">There are a few problems such as bad breath, anal gland infection
and bad teeth which can all arise as a result of feeding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Check them out with your
veterinarian.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
Dr Clive Daltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15929644974912176271noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5563327546075276103.post-61577367291408547932016-03-01T20:16:00.000+13:002017-08-15T14:48:21.501+12:00 Farm working Dogs in New Zealand. 9. Basic Nutrition<style>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>By Dr Clive Dalton </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilA3x3gZpw0HAqNFojgaseIWVviwZoWeD93yzkpBj2GWAuemQsKES4IZ75nbHL8swwfn9bILYClTetpP5yjqLNcGLKmVnprqZ5ARaT-NgSvSGQYF2fNQQj6uPiqFMp0C_dURhcCUKSXHw/s1600/101_0168+copy+2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilA3x3gZpw0HAqNFojgaseIWVviwZoWeD93yzkpBj2GWAuemQsKES4IZ75nbHL8swwfn9bILYClTetpP5yjqLNcGLKmVnprqZ5ARaT-NgSvSGQYF2fNQQj6uPiqFMp0C_dURhcCUKSXHw/s320/101_0168+copy+2.JPG" width="240" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<span lang="EN-US">There's a mountain of information available
these days on the nutritional needs of dogs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And yet, there are still far too many dogs that are not
properly fed – not through intentional neglect but through ignorance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Unfortunately nutrition is not an easy
subject, and you can easily get lost in the technical detail.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The important point to remember
is that your working dog is an athlete and deserves more than a leg of frozen
mutton at the end of the day.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">What
a dog needs from its feed?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Carbohydrates</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">These are compounds made up of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen and provide the "energy" part of the diet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They contain such things as sugars and
starch.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The most complex
carbohydrates are broken down in digestion and end up as sugars before final
absorption.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Glycogen is carbohydrate stored in the
muscle ready for action.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Marathon
runners have to build this up days before the race so they don't have to wait
for digestion to take place before energy can be used.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Working dogs as athletes need this in a
big way too.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">To get the energy out of the carbohydrates
the animal needs oxygen from the lungs via the blood stream.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This burns up the carbohydrate
releasing carbon dioxide and water which is then excreted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Excess carbohydrates are stored in the
body as fat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">True carnivores don't need carbohydrates -
but dogs need them in a properly balanced diet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Carbohydrates should not exceed 60% of a dog's diet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Dogs cannot digest large amount of fibre,
so cereals should be cooked before feeding or the dog will suffer from
diarrhoea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Too much lactose (milk
sugar) will also cause scouring so don't add large amounts of dried skim-milk
powder to the diet as it is 50% lactose.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Fresh milk contains only 5% lactose.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Proteins</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Proteins are used for muscle building and
come from both animal and plant sources.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The building blocks of these proteins are "amino
acids".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The dog needs 23
amino acids but can synthesise (ie make its own) only 13, so 10 must be
supplied in its diet to prevent deficiency diseases.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The "complete" proteins that
contain these essential amino acids are found in eggs, milk, soybeans, peanuts,
yeast, as well as muscles and glandular organs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So the best way to make sure you have covered all the
essential amino acids in a diet is to use both animal and plant proteins in a
diet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Proteins like carbohydrates and fats are
made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>But they have one important difference - they contain nitrogen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Proteins are insoluble in water so have
to be broken down by enzyme action into amino acids, which are then soluble and
easily transported around the body.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Animals can break down protein for energy
but this is not a very efficient process.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Surplus nitrogen produced in the process is excreted as urea in the
urine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To avoid this, make sure
dogs are not fed high protein diets over long periods, and there are enough
carbohydrates and fats in the diet to balance things up.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">A dog should be fed protein daily as it is
not stored in the body in large quantities like fat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It should make up from 20 - 25% of the daily diet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Fats
and oils</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">These are made up of chains of chemicals
called "fatty acids".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen just like carbohydrates, but
they differ by having a greater proportion of carbon in them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They also contain more than twice as
much energy on an equal weight basis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">So nature has designed fat depots to be
highly effective energy stores for times of need.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You get a lot of energy into a small bulk!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Putting fat on is a very efficient
process, for example the energy in 4 kg of starch to can be stored as 1kg of
fat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Taking fat off is harder, as
you only get 2kg of starch energy from 1kg of stored fat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Remember this when trying to slim down
an obese dog or to lose weight yourself!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Fat serves as important body insulation, as
well as helping to transport fat-soluble vitamins around the body.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It also improves the palatability and
texture of dog foods.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
shortage of fat in a dog's diet can cause an abnormal skin and hair condition
and may increase susceptibility to skin infections.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">A dog needs a minimum of 5% of fat in the
total dry weight of its diet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At
least 1% of the fatty acid called "linoleic" is needed for skin
health.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you feed the recommended
maintenance level of 20% fat, then enough linoleic will be present.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">If you boost the fat level to 40% or more
this will provide all the dog's energy needs, but you'll risk problems with
rancidity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This can then impair
the utilisation of Vitamin E, cause deficiencies in the B-complex vitamins and
generally depress appetite.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the
dog doesn't eat, then it stops thriving.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>So don’t expect top performance from all that fatty mutton - put it down
the offal hole and buy a decent balanced feed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">If you feed these high fat diets, then you
must readjust the mineral, vitamin and protein levels to keep the diet
balanced.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You may also have to add
an "antioxidant" to preserve nutrient quality and stop the fats going
rancid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Avoid these problems by
feeding lower fat levels in the diet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Vitamins</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Vitamins are essential to growth and
health.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They help the body to
resist disease and body cells to function properly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We have to consider two types of vitamins - water
soluble and fat soluble.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Water soluble vitamins</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The B-complex and vitamin C are water
soluble. They cannot be stored in the body in large amounts so must be supplied
regularly in the diet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">When a dog loses fluids by vomiting or
diarrhoea, its vitamins must be replaced..<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Overfeeding these water-soluble vitamins does not
cause toxicity as excesses are lost in the urine.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Vitamin B1 (thiamine)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">This is very important to dogs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dogs differ genetically in
their need for thiamine.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Metabolic disturbance, exercise
and cold housing may increase demand.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Only small amounts of thiamine
are stored in the body.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Treating meat for hydatids
(freezing and boiling) reduces thiamine - it is lost in the <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>thawed water and
boiling juices.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">The heat of cooking will
destroy thiamin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Commercially
prepared dog feeds have extra thiamine added to their diets to compensate for
cooking losses.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">If you are cooking your own
feed recipe, add some yeast tablets to it.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Feed a dog supplementary
thiamine 2-3 times a week.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Brewer's (not live) yeast and
wheat germ are valuable sources.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Meat and cereals are also good
sources.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">A high fat diet contains less
thiamine than a high-carbohydrate diet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Never feed dogs raw fish as
some species contain an enzyme (thiaminase) which <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>will make thiamine unavailable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nervous symptoms may develop leading to
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>paralysis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cooked fish is safe as thiaminase is
destroyed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Other vitamin B-complex </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">These include riboflavin (Vit
B2), niacin pyridoxin (Vit B6), pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid, and
vitamin B12.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">The best supplies are in wheat
germ, brewer's yeast, liver and the organ and muscle meats.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Under normal feeding there
should be no problems, but egg white and sulpha drugs can make them
unavailable.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">"Black tongue" is a
defect of the mucous membranes caused by a niacin deficiency.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Poor blood clotting can be
caused by folic acid deficiency.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Riboflavin shortage can cause
slow growth, poor appetite and low fertility.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Vitamin C</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Plenty of this is synthesised
by the dog to meet its needs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Fat-soluble vitamins</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">These vitamins (A, D, E and K) need fat to
be transported and absorbed by the body.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>So if the fat metabolism of the dog is upset, then a vitamin deficiency
may occur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Get veterinary advice when supplementing
fat soluble vitamins as excess builds up and is stored in the body fat and can
lead to problems.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Liver, kidney, muscle fat and
fish liver oil are good sources.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Handle fats with care - the
vitamins are lost if the fat goes rancid.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Vitamin A deficiency results in
deafness, nervousness, diarrhoea, retarded growth <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and partial loss of vision (night blindness).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Excess vitamin A will lead to
bone deformities.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Vitamin D deficiency results in
rickets (bowed legs) and enlarged joints seen in <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pups growing quickly (knobbly knees
and splayed feet).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">An excess of vitamin D will
lead to over calcification of bones and soft tissue such <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>as heart, lungs
and muscles.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Vitamin E deficiency causes
pups to be born weak or dead.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Can
lead to muscular dystrophy and hear muscle damage.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Vitamin K deficiency reduces
blood-clotting ability.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It's rare
in normal diets.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Minerals
</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">There is a range of minerals needed for
various functions of the body.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They are used in the skeleton (bones and teeth), muscles, glands, body
fluids and for correct functioning of the cells.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Deficiency problems are easily avoided if you feed a balanced
diet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Commercial diets these days
provide more of these minerals than are needed by the dog so there are no
concerns.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Important minerals are:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Calcium<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Phosphorus<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Magnesium</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sodium<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Chlorine<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Potassium</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">If you ever see a feed analysis (eg. on the
bag of purchased dog feed), you’ll see a component called "ash".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is what’s left after the feed has
been burned to measure the heat or energy released.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All the mineral components are in the remaining ash part.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h1>
<span lang="EN-US">Calcium and phosphorus</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">These two minerals are closely linked in
the health of the dog and are very important.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We need to consider not only the amount fed, but also the
ration between them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is
referred to as the Ca:P ratio.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The general recommended ratio in a good
diet for a mature dog is between 1.2 and 1.4 parts of calcium(Ca) to 12 part of
phosphorus (P).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Meat has a Ca:P ratio of about 1:10 while
liver has a 1:40 ratio.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Liver is
also a good source of vitamins A and D which tends to modify the effects of a
calcium deficiency</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Calcium deficiency is most
common bone disease in dogs caused by poor feeding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It
can happen by a shortage of calcium or an excess of phosphorus in the diet <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>upsetting the
Ca:P ratio.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">You won't fix a deficiency by
throwing your dog a few bones to chew!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Never feed <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a
dog cooked bones, fish bones or chicken bones.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Watch out for meat rich diets
which are high in P and low in Ca.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">When the body tries to balance
up the Ca:P ratio, loss of bone mass which results in <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pain in the bones, joints and muscles
can occur.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lameness and a tendency
for <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>bones
to fracture is seen , and in pups you get poor tooth development and <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>sore and swollen
joints.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pups should be reared on a diet
with a Ca:P ratio of 1.4:1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You
can ensure this by <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>adding
bone flour or calcium phosphate at 15-20g/kg of dry food to the diet of <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a large rapidly
growing pup</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h1>
<span lang="EN-US">Sodium</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The dog will get plenty of this in its diet
as salt (sodium chloride), and often the concern is feeding too much.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Providing plenty of water is essential
to avoid toxicity by feeding too much.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In very hot conditions, the dog may need extra salt.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h1>
<span lang="EN-US">Magnesium and potassium</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">These are important to the dog and can be
best provided by feeding liver, heart, or muscles in general.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Trace
elements</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Some components of the dog's diet are only
needed in very small or "trace" amounts - hence the name trace
elements.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Excess intake of some of
these can cause poisoning, or too much of one can affect absorption of another.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Iron
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sulphur<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Iodine</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Copper<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Selenium<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fluorine</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Molybdenum<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Manganese<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Zinc</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cobalt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The way to avoid any problems is to feed a
good balanced diet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Seek
veterinary advice if you feel the need to add extra supplements.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Water</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Water is not a strictly a nutrient but it's
essential to life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Muscle for
example contains 80% water, fat 20-30% and bone in a young animal 70-80%.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Animals will survive for a long time
without feed but will soon dehydrate without water.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Blood, which transports all the digested
nutrients around the body, is largely water as is the lymph which finally
bathes the cells in nutrients.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Blood and lymph then carry the waste products away from the body cells
and tissues for excretion.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Water is the main constituent of all
digestive juices and gland secretions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It's also a product of digestion when foodstuffs are broken down in the
body to produce heat and energy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Dogs should always have a clean water
available at their kennels.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There
will be a large variation in how much a dog will drink depending on its work
load and so on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Don't let a dog
drink large amounts of water just before or just after strenuous work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Frequent small drinks during work
are best and will increase endurance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>But it's hard to stop the dog diving into the creek on a hot day and
trying to drink it dry!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Digestibility
& Palatability?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">When an animal eats feed, only some of the
nutrients in it end up in the blood stream to be used for maintenance and
production.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These are the digested
nutrients and what is not used passes right through as indigestible into the
faeces.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Large amounts of fibre for
example are not digested by the dog, but help intestinal function.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Palatability is how attractive the feed is
to the animal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Remember it's NOT
necessarily related to nutrient content.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Dogs eat because they like what they eat, and not because it's good for
them!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Remember it’s your job to
balance the diet - not the dog’s.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Maintenance
and production</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Think of dogs' nutritional needs in two
parts - "maintenance" and "production", as we do in other
farm animals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The maintenance part
of the diet is the feed nutrients needed to maintain healthy body functions
such as its temperature, digestion, blood flow, action of glands and excretion.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">“Maintenance” needs are based on the dog's
liveweight, so regular weighing is useful to see if you have the feeding right.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You can use the bathroom scales
weighing yourself with and without holding the dog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It's much easier on sheep scales.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The feed nutrients needed for “production”
are over and above the maintenance needs and include work, pregnancy, lactation
and growth.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">What
does a dog like to eat?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This is an interesting question and you may
take the view that it's not important.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>As a domesticated servant of mankind, a dog should eat what it's given!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Remember the dog's wild canid
ancestors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They survived best if
they devoured their food quickly and generally had either a feast or a
famine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also, they ate
virtually anything - their diet varying from freshly-killed meat to rotten
stinking carrion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When they caught
prey, they usually started on the guts first - warm and sloppy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They certainly preferred
"variety" and this has been confirmed by properly controlled
scientific trials at Massey University.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Where dogs were given a free choice of food
and their preferences measured, there were some surprises!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Researchers found that dogs prefer pork
and beef to mutton, cooked meat is preferred to raw meat, and ground meat is
preferred to chunks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dogs also
prefer their food warm, wet and sweet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Now remember this says nothing about
nutritional value - all it says is what a dog prefers, if given the
choice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The work removed the bias
of a person making decisions for the dog, which is not very realistic,
especially in the supermarket.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">But it's people
who decide what dogs eat in our modern lives these days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Studies at the Meat Research Institute
in Hamilton showed that pet foods have to be made attractive to the owner of
the animal!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So things like rich
colour, juiciness and chunkiness suggesting good flavour are essential - not
for the dog but for the owner who imagines the pet feels like they do!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This may not be the case if you
want to be truly objective and avoid being “anthropomorphic” or judging animal
feelings by human feelings.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">It is quite
normal for dogs to eat grass and their own vomit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indeed, eating grass irritates the stomach and encourages
vomiting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dogs enjoy
scavenging and will eat their own faeces (coprophargy), and sheep’s faeces, as
one of nature's ways to make sure they get all the minor trace elements and
vitamins needed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Feed
aversions</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">The instinct to
avoid certain feeds is interesting and you see it best in wild canids. They use aversion to foods to learn to
avoid poisons. If young wolves for
example eat berries that make them ill, they know not to eat them again. This is how they learn. If a dog learns to associate a food
with a bad experience, it will never eat it again. It's an inbuilt survival mechanism that can be a nuisance at
times when you’ve gone to a lot of bother to provide a feed and they won’t eat
it.</span></span></span></div>
Dr Clive Daltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15929644974912176271noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5563327546075276103.post-26412804311991252512016-03-01T15:02:00.000+13:002017-08-15T14:48:50.705+12:00Farm working Dogs in New Zealand. 8. Housing and Welfare<style>
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<span style="color: #6aa84f;"><b>By Dr Clive Dalton</b></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl2TWQTiGXU3wGIjunIc1T8VZHFxf8YWAVSPl5gqdxL3V_Ra14Baj_oYmYyOZR0-ZXDRVr3WmXzZwVqOHpPnknkkNVGxOjWZj5DmDr9ZcNQA1EhNRaSnFs7a6RqYEhxoo_GWOwu9oGk_o/s1600/Meg+7+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl2TWQTiGXU3wGIjunIc1T8VZHFxf8YWAVSPl5gqdxL3V_Ra14Baj_oYmYyOZR0-ZXDRVr3WmXzZwVqOHpPnknkkNVGxOjWZj5DmDr9ZcNQA1EhNRaSnFs7a6RqYEhxoo_GWOwu9oGk_o/s320/Meg+7+copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b> </b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Your
dog deserves the best!</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">It's a sad fact, that there are many
working dogs that don’t have adequate housing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For a dog to live a long productive life, good clean, dry,
well-ventilated and draught-free housing with a comfortable bed is a basic
requirement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Housing should also
be free of parasites and disease. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">There’s a wide range of housing available
for dogs these days, and no excuse for dogs to be living tied up under trees,
living in holes in the ground, drain pipes, rusty 200 litre drums, or in broken
kennels on dirty muddy ground.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
costs of good dog accommodation cannot be accepted these days as a reason for
poor housing - see the opening comments about the value of a dog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">The
inside dog box</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">A dog can be housed in simple box inside a
building such as a barn or shed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The box need not be weatherproof but should keep the dog warm and free
from draughts in winter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Regular
clean bedding such as straw is ideal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Some shepherds don’t provide bedding and the dogs if warm are quite
happy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In summer the dog will
probably lie outside the box or on the top.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The dog can be chained to the box or the
shed wall, and the floor should be amenable to regular cleaning and
disinfection.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A concrete floor is
best for the box to stand on.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Single
outside kennel</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This is the traditional kennel, best made
of tongued-and-grooved boards with a landing at the entrance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">The dog is chained to the
kennel or may be on a wire runner to allow exercise.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Here dogs are in contact with
the soil and their own faeces.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dogs often dig holes, which in
wet weather hold water, and the whole area turns to mud.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They often undermine the kennel which
then falls into the hole!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">The kennels need to be shifted
regularly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Providing clean fresh water is
an extra chore as dogs often tip their water containers which are best fixed to
the kennels.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">These single kennels need to be
placed in shade in summer, and where they can get sun in winter</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Remember that dogs tied up in
outside kennels are not secure from thieves.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">There are now many kennels on the market
made of metal, plastic materials or fibreglass.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are lighter than wood and easier to shift, but make
sure they are not too hot in the summer or too cold in winter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Combined
kennel and run</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">These are now very popular and many types
are readily available in a range of materials.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The most common are of galvanised metal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Their features are:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">The dog is kept warm , dry and
draught-free.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">There is easy access to clean
the run, but it should also be easy to get into the kennel for cleaning.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">In the run the dog is on a
slatted floor up off the ground.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">The water container can be
easily fixed inside the run.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">The whole unit can be moved on
to clean ground or can be permanently set on concrete and hosed out below.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">The unit is ideal for bitches
while on heat, and can be used for whelping.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">In summer these runs need to be
placed in the shade.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">It's easy to secure the run and
kennel from thieves.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Dog
motel units</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">These are common on large farms and have
many good points:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dogs can see each other and are
in social contact.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">The dogs are warm, dry, draught
free.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">A reliable piped water supply
can be provided.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dogs are high off the ground
and away from contact with faeces</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Cleaning is usually easy with a
high-pressure hose below the kennels.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">The units can be locked and/or
alarm systems installed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">When designing, buying or managing a unit,
make sure that:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dogs which fight can be
separated or screened with a sheet of metal between kennels.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">The droppings and old bones
from below the kennels can be properly disposed of.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A septic tank near the kennels is ideal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">You can get into the kennel
units to clean them out.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Have a
good back entrance to each unit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">With many dogs housed together
there will always be dogs barking!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Siting the motel away from houses may be important, but remember this
may reduce security surveillance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">It's a good idea to incorporate
a whelping section into the unit and some pens for newly-weaned pups</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Transporting
dogs</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">It's illegal to carry a dog in a car boot
that is not adequately ventilated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Leaving the boot lid open a little is not adequate as fumes are sucked
inside.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are now many good
dog kennels made to fit on the back of vehicles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These should provide adequate room, good ventilation, and
keep the dog warm in winter and not too hot in summer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">There is always concern about car fumes,
but there have been no cases of dogs in such boxes being overcome with
fumes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dust in summer is also a
concern.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dog trialists are the
main users of these boxes and they are most concerned about their dog's
welfare.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They report no
problems.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They stress that on hot
days always park the car in shade.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">There is a danger of the dog being injured
if the car is rammed from behind so it would seem wise to mark the box in
bright colours to be easily seem by following drivers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Make sure you can lock the kennel door
securely.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Dogs carried on flat deck trucks must be
secured with a short chain that won't allow the dog to jump or fall off.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">There's been recent concern about dogs with
their heads sticking out of dog boxes on stock trucks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These boxes are often so low on the
road that it would seem possible for the dog to be injured if any passing
vehicle got too close.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Having the
dog secured in a low box makes more sense, than when dogs are up on the top of
the truck.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are not allowed to
be loose with stock in the truck.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhURyiNDa8k0_Kj7jT2biSkkC9KM6ujxsO0GNPEUULHwNcLxoaQPNV9pTBXLFOelFR2FwvahTQlxuimy8Qhnnm0darcl4Qp8EjePvTxlWJtjun73kUD8i5UxVjMLWSeen0tj3lGWf1L8e4/s1600/Truck+dogs+copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhURyiNDa8k0_Kj7jT2biSkkC9KM6ujxsO0GNPEUULHwNcLxoaQPNV9pTBXLFOelFR2FwvahTQlxuimy8Qhnnm0darcl4Qp8EjePvTxlWJtjun73kUD8i5UxVjMLWSeen0tj3lGWf1L8e4/s320/Truck+dogs+copy.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">It would be safer to have the box on the
verge side and not the traffic side of the truck.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Then there's the question of fumes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is probably not as bad on big
trucks where the exhaust often goes up in the air like a tractor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Welfare</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Under current legislation, a dog's welfare
is the sole responsibility of the owner. This law protects the dog from cruelty
and neglect, and it's an offence to knowingly allow an animal to suffer
unnecessary pain or distress.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">There are certain minimum standards which
must be provided under the law, below which an owner may be prosecuted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You can find full details these
in the Dog Code of Welfare on the Ministry of Primary Industry's website.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Dr Clive Daltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15929644974912176271noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5563327546075276103.post-60166124583020179912016-03-01T11:41:00.000+13:002017-08-15T14:49:16.444+12:00Farm working Dogs in New Zealand. 7. Genetics and breeding<style>
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</style> <span style="color: #6aa84f;"><b>By Dr Clive Dalton</b></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqhPblrV0NOyFPI4h6Ot_2DuubqGv3ITDfcx-uJD9BA9PZJ_sNpfY_Cc3bUtQOQmFd2jumU1k7n9ulZ_QGng76x7aMUtnfUiU_1JxVapWF0wh6ykJwRPHVkBpvvL7YjrdzptweecoW3Dc/s1600/Header+pic730-LR+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqhPblrV0NOyFPI4h6Ot_2DuubqGv3ITDfcx-uJD9BA9PZJ_sNpfY_Cc3bUtQOQmFd2jumU1k7n9ulZ_QGng76x7aMUtnfUiU_1JxVapWF0wh6ykJwRPHVkBpvvL7YjrdzptweecoW3Dc/s400/Header+pic730-LR+copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #6aa84f;"><b> </b></span>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Genetics
or environment - which is more important?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This is the old question of which is more
important - nature or nurture?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Is
it the dog’s breeding (its genetic makeup) or the way it is trained and cared
for?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both are important and no
amount of training will make a top dog if the genes for performance are not
there.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the other hand, good
genes will not be fully expressed under poor training.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Most working dog traits or characters are
strongly inherited - in other words what you see in a dog's performance will be
passed on to the next generation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The term "heritability" is used to describe this and is on a
scale from 0 - 100%.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Weakly
inherited traits like fertility and litter size are below 10% and strongly
inherited ones like casting would be around 30-40%.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is a guess, as geneticists have not done much study on
working dogs, despite their importance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Research has shown that hip dysplasia averages around 30-40%
heritability.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">What
are working traits?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Heading
dog</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">"Eye" or the ability
to out-stare a sheep.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dogs vary
from "strong" eye to "plain" eye but the trait seems to be
strongly inherited.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">"Heading" or the
dog's ability to cast around sheep.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Some dogs will naturally take a wide cast and others will run straight
at stock.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The dog trialist's ideal
is a pear-shaped cast.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Again this
seems to be strongly inherited.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">"Shedding".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An ability to separate one sheep from
another at close quarters.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Temperament.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is the dog's "nature"
and breeders say this is fairly strong in its inheritance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">“Early maturity” refers to the
ability of a pup to start working at a young age.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Again breeders believe this trait is strongly
inherited.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The fear with
late-maturing pups is that they may not start to work at all.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Not biting or grabbing sheep is
important.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Seen in some strains so
must have a fairly strong genetic base.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Can be modified by training but is always there.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Huntaway</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">"Heading".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All huntaways should be able to head
stock as in heading dogs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They'll
head without showing "eye".</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">"Noise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They must bark naturally and this seems
to be strongly inherited.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">"Temperament".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Very important and generally very good
in huntaways.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are always
anxious to please.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">"Force".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A trait usually seen best in big dogs
that will push among stock with no fear of getting hurt.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A fairly strong genetic trait
perfected by proper training.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">"Backing".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Where a dog will jump on the back of
sheep and walk over them. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A trait
which varies a bit in strains, so must have some genetic base.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Physical
traits</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Breeders are concerned with such genetic
defects as:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Undershot jaw or parrot mouth.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Overshot jaw.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Normal reproductive organs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sound bone structure - eg no
hip dysplasia common in some strains.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sound feet pads.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Normal palate ie. no cleft
palate.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Normal leg length - no
drawfism.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">No problems with the eye
retina.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Single
genes - simple traits</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">These are simple traits controlled by
single or very few genes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>When we get to the performance traits like speed, intelligence and
working ability we have to deal with thousands of genes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The dog has 39 pairs of chromosomes in
its sex cells (sperm and eggs) and at present we don't know much about the
thousands of genes on them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">These thousands of genes combine when sperm
and eggs are produced into millions of different combinations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So don't expect parents to
produce identical offspring unless you start splitting eggs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In future we could see a lot more
reproductive technology used in dogs and even genetic engineering where we can
separate genes on a chromosome and move them around to engineer more certain
combinations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But before that we
have to do some "gene mapping" to find out what genes are where on
the chromosome.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This mapping the
genome of the dog is underway.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Many
genes - complex traits</span></b>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">If you see "variation" in a group
of animals (eg litter mates), then you are dealing with many genes controlling
them, and to improve the next generation, you "select" the best
parents from the present generation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sounds simple!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">So in dogs you should not be surprised when
some pups in a litter turn out to be good workers and some are not so
good.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You will see a whole range
in ability and this variation is then the raw material we use to make
improvement, and the main tool we use is "selection".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Variation and selection is what has
made our dogs and what will allow us to improve them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So don't pine for dogs that are like peas in a pod, we need
variation to work on and make progress.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Cloning</span></b>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Cloning where identical copies of an animal
are made is now possible, and some merit can be seen for it in farm
animals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The idea is good provided
that no problems will occur over time with the animals you produce - because if
they do, then the entire cloned population will get it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You have to make sure that what you are
going to clone is “perfect” in all traits, and that’s asking a lot in the world
of animals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It also restricts
genetic diversity for future selection.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h1>
<span lang="EN-US">G and E</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">But remember this "variation: is
caused by two things.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First
there's the genes or genetic variation, referred to as "G".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then there's the environment, referred
to as "E" which is the rearing, feeding and training.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some trainers produce better E than
others.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You need plenty of G to
make a champion, but you'll not do it without good E.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is the old saying that "90% of the pedigree
goes down the throat."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Mate
the best to the best</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This is what the early improvers did long
before the science of genetics was born.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It worked then as it does now.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The only problem is what do we mean by "best"?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Dogs that consistently win at a range of
trials, clearly have the genes needed on the farm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They’re surely the best.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But there are some folk who think that today's trials
are too artificial, and don't relate to the commercial farm with large numbers
of stock per person.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The counter argument is that these trial
dogs do work on commercial farms and can do all the jobs needed, as well as the
fancy stuff for the trials.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They
have the genes to do everything needed so there is no worry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If they win at trials then they qualify
to enter the stud book of the New Zealand Sheep Dog Trial Association (NZSDTA).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No useless dog can get into this book,
and a dog’s looks and fancy points don't matter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It's performance alone.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">If you want to breed dogs that are not in
the stud book, then you should make sure the parents have performed well and
that you can see them working.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But
remember you are trying to judge G, even if the handler has ruined it through
the E provided.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In other
farm livestock, many a farmer has been duped by thinking he/she was buying G
when in fact they paid through the nose for E.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Check
the pedigree</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Pedigrees are simply a record of ancestry -
and that's all.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Never assume that
a "pedigree" animal that can be registered in a studbook is <u>genetically</u>
better than a non-registered animal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This is where the New Zealand farm working dog is unique - they can only
get into the stud book by proving good working performance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">If a pedigree is a list of names and
numbers and has no record of performance - then it doesn't tell you much.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The important feature of a pedigree is
that every time you go back a generation, then you halve the genetic influence
of the ancestors.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">So parents give half of their genes (good
and bad) to their offspring.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Grandparents give a quarter, great-grand parents one eighth and so on
working backward along the pedigree.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In practice, only be concerned with a pedigree as far back as
grandparents, as each ancestor after that has so little influence.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Remember that if anyone is trying to tell
you that an animal's superiority is due to a particular great-great-great
grandsire, he has only provided one sixteenth of the genes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Does this mean that the other fifteen
sixteenth of the genes were useless?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Which would have the greater influence one sixteenth or fifteen
sixteenths?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Fortunately the working dog world is free
from a lot of the mumbo-jumbo about pedigree breeding that confuses other
livestock.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We breed for
performance and "functional traits" in working dogs and it makes life
so much easier, and the end results more predictable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thank goodness nobody yet has started to say what a
working dog should look like and formed a committee to administer this nonsense.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But that’s not to say it could happen
in future.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Inbreeding</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This is where "related" animals
are mated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This concentrates
genes, whether they are good or bad.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Breeders are often forced to inbreed when they want a sire for a
particular purpose, and they cannot find one better than their own.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So they mate related animals and live
with the consequences.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">There is nothing wrong with this, and it
will certainly concentrate similar genes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In the process however, as similar genes meet, they may throw up certain
recessive genes that have been hidden.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It's here where undershot jaw, cleft palates, no hair, and drawfism is
seen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You can cull these out and
keep on inbreeding, but as the level of inbreeding rises (called increasing
homozygosity) you'll most likely find "inbreeding depression" taking
its effect.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Here traits like fertility, litter size and
general "fitness" are affected.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Bitches will be hard to get in pup, and they'll have small litters with
“runts”(small weak pups) in them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In working dogs we euthanase them but in the fancy dog world they keep
them, often to form new breeds!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">If you inbreed and strike trouble you can
get out of it in one generation by making an "outcross" to some
completely unrelated animal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All
those recessive problem genes will have been buried again.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">So avoid high levels of inbreeding by not
mating sires to daughters, sons to mothers and even as close as first
cousins.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Don't go any closer than
second cousins.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First cousins have
common grandparents and this is generally too close, unless you have a very
special reason to experiment.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Linebreeding</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This is very similar to inbreeding but
seems to have a better image among breeders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It's “inbreeding done more slowly” and has the same effect
as mating relatives and concentrating genes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is the way to go - you make haste slowly, and it gives
you time to do some selection, and go back and make an outcross if you strike
trouble.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">In this outcrossing, try to get a new sire
from a breeder with similar objectives but slightly different genes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then you don't slip back too far and
lose the benefits of the genes you want.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">People have a great fear of inbreeding
(probably because of the human religious taboo against it) but less fear of
linebreeding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So there's an old
saying that if it fails call it inbreeding but if it works call it
linebreeding!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">The future working dog</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">The dog like the
human is a very adaptable species and it has a great future. It can reproduce
rapidly and responds well to natural or man-made selection.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a result there is plenty of
opportunity for man to change the working dog - for better or for worse.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">The working dog
is by no means perfect - despite what some enthusiasts would argue.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example some people on today's
farms with the range of pressures that did not exist in the old days, say it
takes too long to train.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today's
shepherds don't want to spend hours after work and at weekends training
dogs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They want a quick learner -
to save time, money and food.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And
they want fewer failures, which there are despite all the breeding wisdom.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So there’s an interesting challenge for
breeders, geneticists and behaviourists in the future.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">Some people are
concerned that the genetic base of our working dogs may be getting too narrow
with the influence of too few top animals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They fear some inbreeding depression which can be expressed
in less robust animals for the hard life on the farm, as opposed to the short
run at the trials.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This fear has
come to pass recently with a rapid increase in the incidence of hip dysplasia
(HD).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It has clearly been spread
by the popularity of some top trial dogs, through linebreeding to them.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">There's
certainly plenty of technology waiting to be used in future dog breeding if the
breeders or the market demands it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It has been here for some time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Examples are artificial insemination (AI) to allow more people cheap
access to top genes, multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET), egg
splitting to produce clones of identical animals, and embryo storage and
transfer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">We are now on the threshold of using
genetic engineering to move individual genes around.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There has been little discussion on how genetic engineering
could be used in the working dog but the opportunity is there.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indeed the scientific community in the
past has shown little interest in the working dog in relation to its importance
to the economy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">New Zealand has a very high health status
in the world and could become a genetic reservoir and storage repository for
the world's top working dog genes - and that includes all dogs classed as
"workers".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There is no reason why New Zealand could not become the Mecca for
working dogs like we are for shearing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Dr Clive Daltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15929644974912176271noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5563327546075276103.post-22702890389870344072016-03-01T10:57:00.002+13:002017-08-15T14:49:40.512+12:00Farm working Dogs in New Zealand. 6. Common Health Problems<style>
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</style> <span style="color: #6aa84f;"><b>By Dr Clive Dalton</b></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwLEw-kncYifJOGdenVyXZIRWShX05Uw_HkP_s67qDxgcy4A4pQPvebjoSpF5QriLPKN7pxyNvEWZ2tLf0GHfqqisFwGnLlOBaZY9tAMDmrWygpqx086DHOOLMvz34ZzHQ0G5GkDI-N08/s1600/Meg+14+injection+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwLEw-kncYifJOGdenVyXZIRWShX05Uw_HkP_s67qDxgcy4A4pQPvebjoSpF5QriLPKN7pxyNvEWZ2tLf0GHfqqisFwGnLlOBaZY9tAMDmrWygpqx086DHOOLMvz34ZzHQ0G5GkDI-N08/s400/Meg+14+injection+copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<b> </b>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Internal
parasites</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Hook
worm (Uncinaria)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">About 50% of dogs are infected with
hookworm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eggs develop in the soil
and larvae can burrow through the animal's skin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They mature inside the dog and are passed out to complete
the cycle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some dogs have
developed a high resistance to hookworm infection and may only show lack of
energy when working.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Signs:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Unthriftiness.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Anaemia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Coma and death.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Prevention</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Don't house dogs on dirt floors.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Steam-clean kennels and move to clean ground.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Keep dogs away from infected areas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Consult your vet for a drenching programme.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> </span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Roundworms<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Toxocara canis)</span></b>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The most common worm in dogs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pups get infected by migrating larvae
in the bitch's tissue.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many of
them will not show signs of infection but the worms will be there.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Signs:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Pot belly.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Intermittent diarrhoea.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Nervousness.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Death in severe cases.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Prevention</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Contact vet for appropriate treatment.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Treat pups at 2, 4, and 6 weeks of age.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Keep a clean kennel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Keep a clean food storage area.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Maintain good hygiene with a whelping bitch.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Keep young children away from pups in dirty conditions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> </span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Whipworm
(Trichuris)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Causes inflammation of the caecum.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Signs</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Weight loss.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Diarrhoea.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Get worse as worm burden increases.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Prevention</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Check with vet for correct treatment.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Regular dosing every 6 months.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> </span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Fleaworm
(Didylidium caninum)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This dog tapeworm grows inside the dog, and
the eggs pass out in the faeces.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The flea then eats the eggs which grow into cysts inside the flea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The dog then eats the flea to complete
the cycle.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Signs</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>General unthrift.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Prevention</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Check with the vet for a correct diagnosis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Treat the dog by breaking the cycle.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Drench the dog every 3 weeks.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Treat for fleas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Hydatids
tapeworms</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></b>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">There are three tapeworms which come under
the common name of "hydatids" tapeworms so it can be confusing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It's important to know their
differences.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">True
hydatids<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Echinococcus granulosus)</span></b>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The main concern here is for human health,
and thankfully because of past programmes the incidence of hydatids is very
low.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Note though that it is still
there and this parasite must be taken seriously.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">If dogs eat the untreated offal of sheep,
goats, pigs, and cattle, they can ingest cysts which are full of immature
tapeworms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On bursting they grow
into small tape worms 3-6mm long in the small intestine of the dog and have
little effect on its health.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">When these tapeworms mature their end
sections drop off and are full of highly resistant eggs which can live on
pasture for several months.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When
eaten by an intermediate host (sheep, cow, pig, goat or human), these eggs
hatch and develop into slow-growing cysts, usually in the liver and lungs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The cysts generally don't affect livestock
but in humans can grow to 50mm across and can be life threatening.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If a cyst burst inside a person, then
the risk of further infection is very high and recovery low.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They face a lifetime of regular surgery
to remove them.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">False
hydatids (Taenia hydatigena)</span></b>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This tapeworm lives in the dog and can grow
up to 5m long.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The eggs pass out
the dog on to pasture and if eaten by sheep, goats, cattle, pigs and deer hatch
into larvae which during their migration though the body can damage the
liver.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They end up in the
abdominal cavity where a cyst up to 10mm in diameter develops.. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Sheep
measles (Taenia ovis)</span></b>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This tapeworm only moves between sheep and
dogs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Human health is not
involved.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although the tapeworm
can grow to 1m long inside the dog, it doesn't seem to affect its health.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It has a typical tapeworm life cycle
from inside the dog, picked up by grazing sheep as the eggs can last a long
time pasture.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The intermediate stage inside the sheep is
where cysts appear in the heart muscle and diaphragm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Infected carcasses have to be trimmed or rejected for
export.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The cysts are hard
creamy-white nodules about 5mm across and appear in .<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In bad cases they will be all through the big muscles too,
looking like an attack of measles.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">They are no risk to humans but can put
customers off buying lamb for ever.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Prevention
of all "hydatids" in dogs</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Register all dogs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Treat them regularly according to veterinary advice.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Prevent all dogs from having contact with dead animals.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Don't feed any offal from any farm animal to a dog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Offal is maybe cheap dog feed <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>but
the risks of infection are too great.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Burn or bury all offal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If you feed sheep or goat meat to dogs, either heat it to 72 degrees
Celcius for at least an hour, or freeze it at minus 10 degrees C for at least 7
days.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Provide dog-proof enclosures for killing dog meat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Provide secure housing for dogs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> </span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">External
parasites</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> </span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Fleas</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">There is an old saying that "fleas are
good for dogs, they remind them that they're dogs!"<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is a lie.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fleas don't breed on dogs, they breed
in the dirt and debris of the kennel and surrounding area, where larvae develop
into adult fleas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These then
invade the dog and cause great irritation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Constant scratching can damage the skin and allow secondary
problems such as anaemia and loss of condition to arise.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Fleas breed faster in warmer weather - so
be on guard in summer and autumn.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Modern flea collars work well with protection for up to 4 months.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It's a good idea to clean up the
kennels with insecticide too to reduce the population.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Follow the label with all insecticides.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Lice</span></b>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">These are common on dogs but don't show
much effect.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A really heavy
infection will cause anaemia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lice
only live on the dog so there is no need to treat the kennel area.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kill the lice on the dog with some of
the modern treatments (see your veterinarian) and that will fix the problem.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Cattle
tick (Haemophysalis longicornis)</span></b>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This is the only tick found in NZ and can
be a nuisance on cattle and deer if present in large numbers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dogs will easily pick them up during
work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The tick sucks blood,
becomes engorged and then drops off.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It's not until the animal is heavily infested that it may be of concern.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Don't pull the ticks off the dog as the
head remains in the skin and can cause infection.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They can be removed by kerosene but it's best to treat the
dog with a correct insecticide.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Check with your vet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Ear
mites (Otodectes)</span></b>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Causes irritation in the dog's ears and may
lead to secondary infections by bacteria and fungi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Consult your vet if your dog is scratching or shaking its
ears which can be very sensitive. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Mange
mites</span></b>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Demodex and Sarcoptes mites are the cause
of mange in dogs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the dog is
scratching a lot, is losing hair and there are secondary skin infections
present, then check if mites or consult your vet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These mites burrow down into the skin and there's a chance
that they can infect humans.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">So don't delay with treatment, as bad
infections can take a long time to eradicate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>DO NOT put the dogs in the sheep swim dip or shower, or use
any sheep pour-on treatment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
could kill the dog.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> </span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Virus
diseases</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> </span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Distemper</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This can be a very nasty disease in dogs
and very distressing for owners as they see their dogs taking fits.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Signs include:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Fever.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Depression and loss of appetite.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Running nose and eyes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Coughing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Scouring.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Fits, yelping and twitching.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">It's caused by a virus, usually widespread
among dogs, and can be picked up from contaminated objects like clothing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It spreads from dog to dog by moisture
from eyes and nose.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Incubation is about 10 days during which
the virus affects many organs such as the gut, lungs and brain.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many dogs (about 50%) develop
sufficient antibodies in a couple of weeks to control the disease and recover
well.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Dogs with no antibody resistance will
die.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bad cases may recover but the
dog may have impaired eyesight for the rest of its days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is essential to vaccinate when the
dog is 6-8 weeks, 12 weeks and 16 weeks of age.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is usually combined with parvo vaccination.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then an annual booster may be needed if
the dog isn't in contact with other dogs that challenges its immunity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Check with your vet for details.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> </span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Parvovirus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">A really distressing disease for both dog
and owner.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The virus is excreted
in the faeces of infected or carrier dogs and can survive in the environment
for some days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Incubation takes
from 1-5 days but it's not certain how it spreads.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These pups become depressed and die.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">One form of parvo (Cardiac) affects the
heart muscle of pups under 4 months old, and the other (Enteric) is seen in
dogs of all ages.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These dogs vomit
and have a severe foul-smelling diarrhoea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Blood may show in the faeces.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The dog will be depressed and run a temperature.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Vaccination against parvo is essential for
all pups and is usually tied in with distemper protection.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Consult your vet for details.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US"> </span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Infectious
hepatitis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Not very common but can be
devastating.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
Signs are:<span lang="EN-US"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Vomiting and diarrhoea.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Fever</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Thirst</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Listless</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Discharge from eyes and nose.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">*<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Red mucous membranes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The virus is spread in all the dog's
excretions and attacks the liver and other vital organs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prevention is by vaccinating young pups
and is tied in with distemper and parvo protection.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Consult your vet for directions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Other
viruses</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">There are many other viruses that can
affect dogs and appear as epidemics in districts after introduction by a
carrier dog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So it's a good idea
to isolate a new dog for a while to make sure it's not a carrier.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Check what vaccinations a newly
purchase dog has had, and discuss vaccination with your vet against these
potential problems</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Dr Clive Daltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15929644974912176271noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5563327546075276103.post-52925687887033347702016-03-01T10:21:00.000+13:002017-08-15T14:50:06.559+12:00Farm working Dogs in New Zealand. 5. Further training <style>
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</style> <b>By Dr Clive Dalton</b><br />
<b> </b>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Casting</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This is the wide sweep a dog takes around
stock when sent to gather them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It’s a strong natural instinct in the Border Collie.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the dog sights its first sheep,
it then takes another wider cast so as not to miss any more, and it keeps on
casting wider itself.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Problems arise when dogs don't cast well
and run straight at the first sheep they see, or cut in on sheep and split
mobs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A wide cast is especially
important if you send a dog away to find sheep that may be out of sight, called
"casting blind".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Some dogs have a favourite side to cast and
will "cross the head" to get to it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To stop this you'll have to go back to the basics of
"putting the sides" on the dog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Do it up against a fence so the dog cannot cross.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For a novice handler, teaching a dog to
widen its cast is not easy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You
can end up souring the dog by over-checking it, at the stage of high excitement
when it sees sheep to gather.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Probably the simplest technique is to get
the dog on a long cord.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As it
moves away from you on the go-right or go-left command, start to add another
command to “keep out” getting it to go wider, and use a long stick to direct
the dog further out.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Some experts dog trialists teach this by
driving the dog in a harness and one trainer (Mills et al, 1964) used a system
of ropes around a post to pull the dog to widen its outrun.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Other trainers have used a chariot-like
device to steer the dog while giving spoken and then whistle commands.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Another trick is to attach a spare
collar around the dog's loin carrying a cord from the neck collar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At your command to “keep out”, pull the
cord and it shifts the dog's bodily direction.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">It would not be wise to get involved with
these techniques unless you had expert help.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Contact a local dog trainer for some simpler way to solve
the problem.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Recasting</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This can be hard for some dogs, as it means
leaving the sheep they've just captured.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>First you have to strengthen the commands to "stop," and then
"leave go" the current job.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then the new command to recast or "go back"
is taught.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">It's also useful to teach a body signal as
well as the go-back command.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An
extended arm or stick is good, as the dog being visually alert can see this at
a long distance, and it helps to reinforce the message, especially if you walk
in the direction you want the dog to go.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Driving</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Some dogs with a strong heading instinct
find driving sheep away from you difficult.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The way to overcome this is to teach the dog in a race so
that it's hard for the dog to head up each side.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the dog heads, keep calling it "in behind"
until it will work the sheep on short heads itself.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Accompany the dog at the start of the drive and then
gradually hang back and let the dog do it alone from your distant directions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Leading</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This is where a dog stays ahead of driven
stock, holding them up but not too much.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It simply restrains the leaders without balking the mob.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It learns to hold the mob until the
last minute and then backs off.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It's best taught in a race with a big mob moving up to the dog (under
pressure from behind) which naturally will want to hold them.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">At the appropriate time as the pressure
builds up on the dog, give the command to "back off" or "get
outside".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A hand signal will
help too.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A good dog won't
need commands once it has learned the job.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Shedding
</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This is the ability of a heading dog to
separate off a sheep and prevent it from joining the mob again.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In British dog trials, it has to keep
on doing this until a marked group are shed off.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It's a useful trait at lambing time when ewes and lambs may
have to be sorted out individually in the paddock.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Note the dog has to do the shedding and not
the person!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The TV spectacle of
the shepherd running around frothing at the mouth, and the dog standing watching
with a smile on its face is not the general idea.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The dog is trained to come through gaps
between individual sheep at great speed, indicated by the shepherd's stick to a
command of "here" or "here this."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">To get the speed into the action, you need
a sharp eye dog and the dog on a light cord.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the command, "here", if the dog is confused,
pull it towards you.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You
need great control after the shed, as many dogs want to go around and chase the
sheep back again.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The dog has to
understand that you want that sheep kept separate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Jumping,
backing and bike riding</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Dogs generally love to jump and can be
taught this trick from a young age.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Get them to jump on to anything around the place, into their pens, on to
boxes, wool bales, bikes, etc, to the command "get up".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Make sure they are strong enough to do
it, and give them a hand in the early stages in case they get hurt and are put
off.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reward the dog with plenty of
fuss when the task is completed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Use the same technique to get them to jump
on to sheep.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But make sure the
sheep are well woolled and tightly packed so the dog doesn't fall off and get
stood on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Only when the dog is
competent to run along on sheep, should it be commanded to jump on loose sheep.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">On bikes and vehicles make sure dogs are
safe and drive slowly until they learn how to balance to stay on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Make a proper tray on a bike for them
to provide grip and protection.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Catching
sheep</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Trainers disagree strongly on whether dogs
should be taught to catch sheep.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Some are concerned it encourages sheep worrying, and can spread through
the shepherd's team of dogs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Other shepherds (as they age) like a dog that will catch sheep,
especially at lambing time and at docking.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Remember that dog's teeth can puncture
hides and tear muscles, and this costs the industry a fortune each year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So you need a dog with a "soft
mouth" for the job, that holds with its mouth rather than bites.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Huntaways generally have much
softer mouths than heading dogs, but the heading dog has the speed and agility
to be ideal for catching sheep.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Teaching this task can be tricky so talk to
someone who has been successful.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>You have to develop the "catch-to-kill" instinct in the dog,
and this is done by exciting the dog, then making sure it is checked at the
right moment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is when YOU
have hold of the sheep.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">You can easily get things wrong.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The dog will often hold the sheep and
under fear of your approach and being reprimanded for biting, will release it
just before you grab it! This exercise can repeat itself two or three times,
ending in a very punctured and suffering sheep, a confused dog and a crazed
shepherd.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Some trainers teach pups to catch or hold
things by playing with a piece of rubber or a rag.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Others are against the whole idea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some dogs show a natural ability for this job while others
should be banned.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It depends on
the nature of the beast.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Talk to
an experienced handler about this.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Heeling
cattle</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This is a strong instinct in some dogs such
as the Border collie and the blue heeler.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>These dogs will bite the heels then the noses of cattle and can cause
utter confusion to the beast if not controlled.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some dogs will even finish the job off by swinging on the
beast's tail.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The dog has to be fearless of cattle and
have the skill to lie low once the heels are bitten to avoid flying back feet
and injury.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The dog has got
to have the instinct to do it properly or it doesn't survive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You cannot teach an unwilling dog to do
this.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Your concern is generally to
keep the trait under control.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">To test the dog’s instinct, try a hiss-hiss
sound while moving cattle and see what the dog does.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A keen dog will dive in and heal stock straight away.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Negotiating
fences and gates</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Conventional fences</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">These are no problem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You can get hold of the dog, reassure
it and push it through between the wires or through the bars of the gate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Use a command like "get
through" and reward the success.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>An arm signal may help to reinforce the command from a distance. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Power fences</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">These are a disaster for dogs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some dogs seem to get an unpleasant
sensation through the ground from the fence, long before touching it so get
very shy of fences in general.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Manufacturers have generally not faced up to this fact, and make
suggestions that dogs can be taught to jump fences.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They can, but pups and old dogs can't jump very high.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The late Neil Rennie suggested power
fence companies should design special insulated "bolt holes" for dogs
in a fence, but nothing eventuated.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">If using power fences, at least be
consistent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example, don't
make the bottom wires (or the middle wires) hot.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The dog will then learn where it is safe to get
through.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Powered outriggers make
things worse, so try to keep them above dog-crawl level. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">You have to be very patient, as many dogs
will not get through the fence and will go long distances to get through the
gate that they know is safe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>That's fine if you don't have an urgent job for the dog to do through
the fence.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The most important fact about dogs getting
shocks (which seems inevitable on modern farms) is not to speak to the dog for
at least 5-10 seconds after the event.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Then it won't associate YOU with the shock.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Handling
a pre-owned dog</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">With a new dog, the task is to build a new
bond to replace the old one.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
could have been quite strong, so be patient.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dogs with very strong bonds to one owner can be a nuisance
at times, especially if someone else needs to work them during an
emergency.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The old dog on the farm
that will work for anybody is a great asset.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He's usually working his handlers if they only realised it!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The first thing with a new dog is to take
it everywhere on a lead and give it plenty of fuss and attention.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is especially so at feeding
time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Let it off the lead in
a confined area first and strengthen the "come here" command.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Start to work it only when you're sure
it will stay and come to you.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Keep a short chain on its collar and tie it up when not working. Most
keen dogs will work for a new owner after about a week.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The previous owner will tell you the
commands the dog responds to.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Apart
from a demonstration, vendors may provide a tape recording of whistles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Don't expect too much from the dog when
you try them, as the dog will hear them as close but different sounds to the
vendor’s.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">But the dog will recognise enough to know
what to do, and then you can add your command or whistle to the old one if you
want to change anything.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Remember
to be patient, especially if the dog has been strongly bonded to the previous
owner.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It will be missing its
former “pack” of the boss and other dogs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It now has to try to work out where it fits into a new pack.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Team
working</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">If you start to build up a team of dogs,
the key to avoid extra work and disaster is to make sure you have ALL team
members under control.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Disaster is
assured when you command one dog to work, and the whole team join in and
help.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Remember it's very hard for a keen dog to
sit and watch.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The dog's name is
its alerting signal, and most top handlers have different whistles for each
animal's commands.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The most
important one is the "stop" whistle, especially on Monday mornings
after the dogs' weekend off!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Regular work with the team and firm kind
control is the key to success.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Build the team up slowly and be aware of the social ranking within
it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You are the pack leader and
keep it that way.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Be alert to
threats and changes within the social order.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Some handlers use dogs to discipline other
dogs in the team.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This can be very
effective but can also get out of control with severe damage inflicted on the
culprit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The top dog handlers do
not recommend it.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Biting
people</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This is now a big concern.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Biting dogs are a “hazard” under
Occupational Safety and Health laws where you have to Identify, Eliminate or
Isolate them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You could be
responsible for any damage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Why do
dog's bite people?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some possible
reasons are:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">The nature of the dog. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Over-stimulation or excitement.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">A bitch protecting her litter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">To protect the pack leadership.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">In fear (eg against vets and
Dog Control officers).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">To protect their territory (eg
kennel or run).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Confusion or frustration.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Dogs don't like rules that change so be
consistent, especially if more than one person is involved.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An example is Dad says one thing and
Mum and the kids operate a different set of rules.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">When meeting a strange dog, stand still and
hold your hand out for it to sniff.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Never grab it by the scruff and pat its head madly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That's a very dominating thing to do to
a dog, as this is where dogs grab each other in fights!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rub its chest or somewhere low down
instead.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adopt a low posture if
you dare risk it.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Aggressive strains of dogs should be
culled.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dogs that are known biters
are a concern and veterinarians say they rarely can be cured.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It's too big a risk these days to keep
them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Muzzling dogs all the time
is not a very practical solution, and one day you’ll forget but the dog won’t.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Biting
sheep</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The concern here is that biting leads to
worrying.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Working a dog in a
muzzle is not practical.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some
veterinarians will advise removing the canine teeth in valuable dogs, but the
dog can still do damage to stock with the remaining teeth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A much more humane method these days is
the electronic-training collar when properly used.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">If you have a savage mature dog that bites
consistently, the solution is often euthanasia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The problem could be genetic and you don’t what those genes
in the strain or breed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
time to check this problem is at the puppy stage before the habit has
developed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Talk to your vet about
the problem.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Sheep
worrying</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Dogs are dogs, and any of them are capable
of worrying sheep.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The dog's diet
has nothing to do with this sin of sins.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Tying dogs up when not working is a basic rule that will prevent dogs
taking off.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A pair of dogs can be
a lethal combination - and can be very cunning.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">If a dog has disappeared, then be suspicious.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They can travel long distances in a
short time to kill on a neighbour's property.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Research shows that the weather and stage of the moon can be
implicated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They can come home
free from any evidence of slaughter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The electronic collar is about the only
thing you can try before euthanasia, provided you catch them red-mouthed!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once a dog has worried a sheep and the
vice grows, then euthanasia should be next on the list.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">More
on killer dogs</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">It's a
heartbreak when a top dog you have trusted for years is accused of killing
sheep, or worse still, is caught in the act.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The following information is based on work done at the
Murdoch University in Perth, Western Australia by Dr Garth Jennens.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Dogs are dogs
and it's a myth to believe like so many people do, that their little pet dog
could not possibly go out and kill. Any dog is capable of killing sheep, and
the fact that it's in the garden when the owners are at home, or is back on the
doorstep sleeping in the morning is no proof of innocence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Attacks can happen any time but 80% are
between 5am and 7am.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You cannot
breed this killing instinct out of the species.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you did they wouldn't be dogs!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">The image of
killer dogs going around in packs is a myth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ninety percent of dogs that kill sheep are pets, working on
their own or with another dog and they come in all sizes and breeds.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">You can't
predict which dogs will turn out to be killers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They can be pets for years or your top working dogs,
and then all of a sudden something triggers off a desire to be a dog and go out
and hunt to kill.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One common
factor to all sheep killers though is that they are wanderers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So if you have wandering dogs near
stock, you can very easily have a killing problem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wandering dogs are the key.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Most dogs that
kill sheep don't have a mark on them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This is because after their bit of fun, they regularly go and have a
swim and cool off.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Check the
collar (if they have one - most don't), bloodstains can be seen in the leather.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Killer dogs have
a set pattern.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They enter and
leave properties by a set route, and have usually been around the area that
they kill in for a few visits before they get to work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These dogs are predictable and stick to
their pattern.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They like to
travel near water or up valleys where scent is funneled down to them.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The cold of winter and the heat of summer
are the off season for sheep killing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It's more comfortable at home!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>But the cool of the Autumn or the freshness of Spring get them
going.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They like the damp spell
after rain and the full moon for their sport.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">You can predict
the breed and size of dog from the kill pattern such as where the sheep is
attacked.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Experienced dogs will
actually kill a few sheep and not maim many.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Learners will maim a great number but not be able to kill
any.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dogs have got to learn
to kill sheep - and they do some awful damage while they are learning.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If it's a food kill, only one sheep
will be killed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Generally it’s all
a big game of chase and catch for the dog or dogs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">A dangerous
combination is a large and small dog, eg a heading dog and a terrier.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The big dog heads and catches and the
little dog goes in for the kill.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They can be very cunning and quick.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many of them can disappear and kill a sheep or two in no
time, and nobody notices them disappear.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The general conclusion is that a dog that
has killed stock will repeat the act and euthanasia is the kindest solution for
the dog.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Bolting</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Here, in the middle of a job, the dog
decides it has had enough for the day, and goes home early - without asking
your permission!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The day ends with
the dog waiting for you on the back door step, stretched on its back urinating
as your approach composing your speech, begging for forgiveness before the
inevitable beating.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It can be very
frustrating to have dogs that bolt.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">What can you do?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Try to find out the cause of
the problem.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Re-establish the bond with the
dog, especially if it is shy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Let it trail a light cord or
fishing line with a stick on the end, that you can stand on if it takes off.
This cord will likely get entangled in a fence on the way home.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">If the problem is persistent,
then dispose of the dog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It's too
big a threat to your blood pressure.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Car
sickness</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Being sick and defaecating in moving
vehicles can be a problem for some dogs - and their owners.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The solution is to get pups used to
travel for short distances, stopping at the first sign of stress.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Excess salivating and whining are signs
of trouble.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reassure pups as much
as possible - and drive slowly!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Then increase the distances making sure there is plenty of cool air in
the vehicle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Consult your vet as
some good drugs are now available.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Jumping
up, sniffing people and leg mounting</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">It's very annoying for strangers, and
embarrassing for you the owner, to have your dog jump up on guests, sniff their
crutch (both back and front) and then when they sit down, mount their leg and
start thrusting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It's not the sort
of welcome most of us like and it's often very hard to get a determined dog
off!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Large dogs are crutch
sniffers and small ones foot mounters.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The problem develops most often with male
dogs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The secret is to break the
habit as soon as a young dog starts, with a reprimand that it will
remember.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s very hard to break
these habits in old dogs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Scent
rubbing</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This is a nice name for when a dog rolls in
any dirt or faeces, afterbirths or a rotting carcass it can find.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dogs love it, coating their heads,
cheeks, shoulders, and then when they've had enough they depart the scene,
often scratching the ground with their hind feet to leave a signature.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They seem to see it as a great
experience which they are keen to share with their owner.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Check it in the pup or young dog, and not
later on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It's certainly too late
when you find the dog in the front of your vehicle, smiling and delighted with
it's new-found aroma, hoping you are too.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Discipline</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This is a vitally important subject as
there is no way you can train a dog without it!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dogs are pack animals and discipline is part of the bond
building that guarantees survival.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The important question is - how should discipline be given?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Here are some key points from experienced
handlers:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Discipline should fit the
crime.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">It must be instantaneous.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Research has shown that it must be
within 5 seconds of the crime.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">A loud voice or stern tone can
be effective, so keep your normal commands as quiet as possible.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Beating dogs is not a
solution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It may do you some good
but does little for the dog.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Before the electronic collar
was invented, discipline at a distance was impossible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Throwing stones was an option, and getting
the pack to attack the sinner can lead to injury, but at least the reprimand
was not associated with the boss.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">One handler disciplines the dog
by calling it back, holding it down in a submissive pose, which he says cools
him down too, and he has time to think what HE did wrong to get the dog into
the problem situation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That's the
comment of a very wise person!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">After a reprimand, make sure
you rebuild the bond with the dog.</span></div>
Dr Clive Daltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15929644974912176271noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5563327546075276103.post-67534501020609598272016-02-29T11:05:00.000+13:002017-08-15T14:50:30.114+12:00Farm working Dogs in New Zealand. 4. Basic Training.<style>
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<b><span style="color: #6aa84f;">By Dr Clive Dalton</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #6aa84f;"> </span></b>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">The
pup</span></b><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAae0nfX1HO3oBwT3dCcbQ-D4IgFg48NrCC8_p3EHwxy4puAL_tH0iuPDgTY0g8jx_JwhYA1D0YCSyX-hcvSPazmGrP5MUJJVYiuQCVZ2GglWSj4Ao-EAA44sAU-wr3OVUwCtxY9zeaqQ/s1600/Beardie+pup++copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAae0nfX1HO3oBwT3dCcbQ-D4IgFg48NrCC8_p3EHwxy4puAL_tH0iuPDgTY0g8jx_JwhYA1D0YCSyX-hcvSPazmGrP5MUJJVYiuQCVZ2GglWSj4Ao-EAA44sAU-wr3OVUwCtxY9zeaqQ/s320/Beardie+pup++copy.jpg" width="245" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;">Pup at sale waiting for new boss </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US">Training methods are as variable as handlers
and dogs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But the basic
principles are fairly straightforward.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>How you apply them depends greatly on your nature, and the nature of the
pup.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One thing all trainers agree
on - there's no point wasting your time on a badly bred pup.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If it hasn't got the working genes -
then forget it.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Pups start to work at different ages, but
you would certainly expect to see some action by 6 months of age.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If a dog hadn't shown much interest by
9 months, you'd be getting concerned about the costs of keeping it. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It would have to be an especially good
prospect based on its pedigree to keep it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Check with the breeder incase the strain are late starters,
before deciding what to do.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It may
not be the pup – it could be you!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Talk to an experienced dog handler about your concern.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US">Be wary of pups that will be keen to take on full
work by six months. Don't let them, as they can so easily get hurt and
scared.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This scare may put them
off work for an extended period, or forever .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Key points collected from a wide
range of handlers:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Voice tones, petting, touching
and feeding are all valuable rewards for a dog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Exploit them fully.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Don't over-stimulate or tease a
pup, or let anyone else do this.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">During a pup's early life, keep
it fully occupied.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Never let it
get bored or it will start such bad habits as barking, biting, work shyness and
so.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Keep it stimulated – but not
overstimulated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Give a young pup a
slipper or a bone as its own "treasure".</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Keep it where it can see daily
happenings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some trainers prefer a
kennel to a run as it means they have to handle it each day to let it off and
tie it up.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Teach a pup its name.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is its alerting signal for
life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Always call it when you go
to feed it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When it wanders, call
its name with a “come-here” command.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Use a word and add a whistle if you wish.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Give it a big welcome when it comes back to you.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pet it and use its name as much as you
can.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Get the pup used to wearing a
light collar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It's tight enough if
you can slip one finger between it and the dog's neck.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When it accepts this, tie it up for a
short period (about 30 minutes/day) on a short chain with a swivel in it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Make sure it cannot slip the
collar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Don't use a rope, as it
will learn to chew through it and escape.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Make sure going back to the
kennel or being tied up is a happy and positive experience.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Be patient if the pup is
reluctant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Help it up or provide a
step if needed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Don't associate
this with feeding, and don't lose your cool and boot it into the kennel.</span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSYc8S-vFnIuDx9ueL6CuXv9xdlkolGapo-kxRjkIgMI5SDV2PgOv-BCeSrs4r-7fcPu67vE5sXWh0ueVyY49HbTNn61M4k40XcYYB0Aj5NLFJxFJUQDk7ltpBOKZRSxoPS1QA6fnaXxU/s1600/Meg+8+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSYc8S-vFnIuDx9ueL6CuXv9xdlkolGapo-kxRjkIgMI5SDV2PgOv-BCeSrs4r-7fcPu67vE5sXWh0ueVyY49HbTNn61M4k40XcYYB0Aj5NLFJxFJUQDk7ltpBOKZRSxoPS1QA6fnaXxU/s320/Meg+8+copy.jpg" width="312" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bonding time after exercise</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Teach the pup to follow at heel
on a lead (check cord about 4m long).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Here teach it the "heel" or "get-in" command.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Teach it the "sit"
command by stopping, pressing its hindquarters on the ground while lifting its
head.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When done correctly - give
plenty of praise.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Some trainers teach the
"down" or "lie down" command, simply by stepping on the
lead to pull its head down while pushing its back end flat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When done correctly - give plenty of
praise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In New Zealand the “stand”
command is preferred as the dog stays on its feet and is clearly seen by the
sheep.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Teach the "stand"
command.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It's probably the most
important command - to get the dog to stop and do nothing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dogs that will not STOP on command
cause so many problems with stock.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">"Stand" is taught by either
raising the pup from the "sit" position, with one hand on its head
while the other lifts its belly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Or you can stop as you walk along, go infront of the dog giving the
command "stand" or "stand there".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With all these commands, use the pup's name all the time
with positive reinforcement.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">As well as the
"stand" you may want to teach a "stay" or "stay
there" command.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It's probably
not necessary but can be useful.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
“stay” hand signal can be taught at the same time by holding your hand infront
of the pup’s face as you give it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Then walk away backwards saying “stay there Meg”.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">"Stand" or "stay" can
be very frustrating for a pup that has spent the last few months being in touch
contact with you.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now you
are going to walk away and leaving it with no company.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Naturally it wants to follow to
maintain the bond.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Be patient as
you are moving to reinforce the bond visually from a distance.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">One famous NZ trainer of
working dogs and gun dogs used to teach these early commands on a stool (see other blog post) just big enough for the pup to stand or sit on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once taught how to climb up on the
stool from one end, the pup was scared to jump off from such a height.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The trainer then taught it to
"stay", and over time could move further and further away (in all
directions) without the pup moving.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>At any sign of stress, he went back to reassure the pup.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Now the "stand"
command can be linked to the "come here" command, and the
"sit" in any combination.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Don't keep the pup in any of these positions for long, and keep the
total lessons short, no more than 10 minutes at time, maybe 2-3 times a day.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">When giving pups commands
there’s no need to shout and roar!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Dogs have very good hearing, and a raised voice should be kept for
discipline - otherwise speak quietly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If more discipline is warranted, then use the "shake-praise"
trick.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">A pat is adequate reward when
training a pup.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Don't get involved
with methods that rely on food.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It's not very practical and one day you'll forget the biscuits!</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Don't train a pup by tying it
to an older trained dog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It's a great
idea that doesn't work!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s
sometimes used by some experts, but for specific problem solving.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">House
training</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">In nature a pup learns its hygiene habits
from the bitch.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They normally keep
the den clean and defaecate and urinate outside.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Build on this basic instinct when house training.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">As soon as the pup wakes up, take it
outside on to grass and praise it for performing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Never punish it after an "accident".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Keep the pup in a small area in the
house to make it realise that the area is its “den” where it will not naturally
perform.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You can extend this area
in time once it is performing outside.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">The
young keen dog</span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTgIf9yuih1bcsGQypWnutl881H6JT2p9Ziw61YybCmC9E2fRkwuasEn7GqzBXbq6ZTHGDnHm__gelmoFs0CMfVoLcJ1HN4M2OBarcHnLU_6-4oxs2yMvwwBggde2M64xDeSvKrcXlCRA/s1600/Meg+15+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTgIf9yuih1bcsGQypWnutl881H6JT2p9Ziw61YybCmC9E2fRkwuasEn7GqzBXbq6ZTHGDnHm__gelmoFs0CMfVoLcJ1HN4M2OBarcHnLU_6-4oxs2yMvwwBggde2M64xDeSvKrcXlCRA/s320/Meg+15+copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<span lang="EN-US">Keep it keen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once the dog is into regular light work, here are some
general points:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Establish a regular daily
routine and stick to it - unless the dog goes "sour" and won’t work
when you’ll have to go back to the beginning.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Don't exhaust the dog - work it
within its physical limits.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Work
must be fun and enjoyed by the dog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Don't work a dog when you’re feeling tired or in a bad mood.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Keep a regular routine of
commands going, and keep checking proficiency.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This helps to strengthen the dog-handler bond.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You can put whistles to word commands
at any time that suits.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Simply
give the word command followed by the whistle or vice versa.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A good dog will learn very quickly.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Teaching
Stop, and Start </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Once you have the pup under control so it
knows its name and will sit or stand, and then come to you, then let it show
it's natural instinct with stock.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Now is time for some fun- just let it go in a small paddock with some
quiet sheep that are used to dogs, and see what happens</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The pup may be so keen that it will forget
everything that it has learned so far.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Don't worry, it will soon pick these commands up again once it has
steadied down.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Some very successful trainers don't bother
to teach a pup anything until it has started to work stock.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They have no problems putting the
commands on the pup later.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
last thing you want to do at this stage is cramp the pup's natural instinct to
work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It doesn't matter if its
work is a bit rough - just encourage it to keep going.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But keep an old dog handy to prevent or
clean up any impending disasters - and incase the neighbours may be watching!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Fast heading pups are likely to get into
more trouble than huntaways, which are usually more steady.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This early working instinct is to chase
and go around stock.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Make sure the
pup can catch whatever it sets out to chase.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here an old dog is useful to help out and guarantee success.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">You may need a little bit of encouragement
to get the pup to go after stock, especially if you have overdone the initial
commands.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Border shepherds use a
"Sh-sh" sound to alert the pup and excite it to GO.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But seeing stock is often enough for a
keen pup, but you might have to excite a late starter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Any noise will do as long as it’s
different to those already used.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Teaching
directions</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Here exploit the dog's circling instinct to
the full.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Don't worry if it keeps
going round and round stock at the start.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>You can stop this by meeting the dog half way round the group, and
sending it back in the other direction.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It's here where you can teach a "go away" command.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">But "go away" is too simple a
command, because you’ll inevitably want the dog to either "go right"
or "go left" around stock, or "come right" or "come
left" back to you.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Put these
direction commands on the dog while it is at this circling stage with a small
group of quiet sheep.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A signal
with your arm or a stick is useful here too.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Commands to get the dog to go away from you
(or cast) can be for example "get away" for circle right, or
"get back" to circle left.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>And then for commands to get the dog to come towards you could be
"come away" for one direction or "come bye" for
another.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some dog handlers may
just use "over" and "back".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Remember the dog doesn't speak English - it is responding to
sound.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">After sheep have been used for a week or so
of dog training, they get sick of the whole business and won't go
anywhere.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They seem to want to
jump into the trainers’ arms to get away from the dog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They become too friendly and need to be
changed for sheep less man/dog friendly.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">A good routine is to get the young dog to
start by standing or sitting at your heel.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then making sure it has seen the sheep, cast it on either
the right or left hand to gather the sheep.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Keep sending it off on each side, as often they may
prefer one particular side.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The sin of sins is for it to start off on
the right cast and then half way there, change direction or "cross the
head"!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To stop this habit
starting, make sure in the early days that the dog cannot get across the
head.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example if you want to
put some emphasis on one direction, get the sheep up against a fence so the dog
can only go in that direction.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Then as competency builds, start casting
the dog to gather, further and further away from the sheep.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Never send a young dog for sheep that
may not be there - that could confuse the dog and cause problems later.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">"Walk
up" (the pull)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This is easy to teach once the dog has got
it's circling and directions sorted out.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>All you do is to walk away or walk backwards facing the dog with a
"walk up" command.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When
it comes too far round the mob, send it back.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Keep doing this until it is moving very short distances
either side of a central line working the sheep.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Once it's got this right, speed up your
walk so the mob starts to move quickly towards you and the dog experiences
success in its pulling.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In trials
the dog has to learn to keep to a fairly straight line in the pull, so this is
the aim at this stage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You don't
want a lot of racing around making massive corrections to the direction of a
mob.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It's not good for sheep or
dog.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">A wide lane or race is a good place to
teach this skill.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">"Steady"</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This is a command to slow the dog down when
things get intense.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It's
used a lot in dog trials or close work when the dog gets close to sheep and
panic is imminent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It's a command
often used to calm a dog in its work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>You don't want to stop the dog, but rather to slow down a bit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It's like a touch on the foot brake
instead of grabbing the hand brake.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The dog seems to learn it fairly fast, as
it knows that if it bolts away after a "stop" it will get another
stop!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I suspect keen dogs
don't like continual stop commands so they soon learn to understand and
appreciate a “steady” command, under which they can keep moving.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Once the "steady" has been
learned it can be used at any stage, whether the dog is running or walking
towards stock.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It's certainly a
very handy command to have in the collection.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">The
drive</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Driving sheep away from you is the “walk
up” action in reverse.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So teach
this after the walk-up had been learned.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Doing it in a race is ideal where it's easy to check any excess heading
moves by the dog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Keep calling it
back to you if it gets too far on the wings of the mob.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Switching
the huntaway bark On and Off</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Huntaways usually have a strong instinct to
bark.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All you need to get a pup to
bark is excite it when among stock.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Clap your hands and when it barks give a "speak up" command,
and an appropriate whistle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Make
the whistle command simple and easy to perform, as you'll be using it a
lot.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Giving plenty of reward for
success is vital.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">An occasional well-bred pup fails to bark
and this can be very frustrating.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>About all you can do is to get it excited among other barking huntaways
wait for the magic sound to appear.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>When it does, praise like mad.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Trying to stimulate the dog by barking yourself is not very effective,
and makes your work mates wonder about you!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If a Huntaway doesn’t bark naturally, seek help from the
breeder or an experienced dog handler.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Barking should have an off switch too.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It can drive you mad in sheep yards,
when doing jobs that require concentration if dogs will not shut up.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They need to be taught a "shut
up" command or the stop work command below.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">"Stop
work" command</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This is the most important command of the
whole collection!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>More stock have
been run to exhaustion, shepherds blown their heart valves and guaranteed an
appointment with your maker.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So
many dogs have been beaten to within a whisker of their lives by failure to get
this command to work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Get the
command properly understood before you risk a day with stock in open country.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The command can vary from a "that'll
do" to "way leggo" or whatever you like.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most dogs will learn this quickly if
given with a firm voice with the threat of a reprimand.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But hard keen dogs may need extra
tuition to get the message through.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Walking away while giving the command
sometimes helps a young dog, giving it the message that you are going home, so
it should think about doing the same.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">"Get
outside" </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This is a very useful command as often you
want a dog to get out of the pen or yard or wherever it happens to be.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It's another way of saying, "the
job is over so remove yourself".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Often if the dog stays where it is, problems will occur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">A dog will soon learn this if physically
removed giving the command.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If dog
is slow to learn, chase it out while giving the command, or again the shock of
a nearby stone hitting a solid object nearby will help defiant or over-keen
dogs to remember.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Precision
control</span></b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT3jAU1zKnshSt9qru6DqJkEtx_YFkhstlp1Gw8LvsAiR4Dspw7xMquYRGSc2D5iNmZ6d16EhPqVM6mHclsKvbJRbKOsGzVGFAeryZqYydVvU0g-5yTnGhytqY_fglMT6188xJhpIZI2o/s1600/Meg+17+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT3jAU1zKnshSt9qru6DqJkEtx_YFkhstlp1Gw8LvsAiR4Dspw7xMquYRGSc2D5iNmZ6d16EhPqVM6mHclsKvbJRbKOsGzVGFAeryZqYydVvU0g-5yTnGhytqY_fglMT6188xJhpIZI2o/s320/Meg+17+copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<span lang="EN-US">Training dogs for high performance dog
trials demands a lot more control than described above.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Trainers of top huntaways teach their
dogs directions and to "face up" or always look at the stock.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They do this by driving them in a
harness like a horse.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Some trainers may use a swinging arm device
pivoted on a central post.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The dog
is on one end and the trainer on the other.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the trainer moves in one direction the dog is pushed in
the opposite. But for most farm dogs, basic control can be taught without this.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US">If problems arise in any aspect of the
training described above, then seek help from any experienced handler.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But seek help early as bad habits
get ingrained and may be hard to shift.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Steadying
a young keen dog</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Some dogs are so keen and fast when young,
that it's a very hard job to slow them down.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An old trick is to put the dog's front foot through its
collar, making sure there's plenty of room, and it is not strangled or the foot
damaged.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The dog will be made to
run on three legs only as a temporary measure.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Please note it should be temporary.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This may seem inhumane, but it's kinder
than having to reprimand a dog severely when it has got into trouble through over-keenness
that you could not control.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It's
often only necessary to tie a leg up for a short while till the dog steadies
down.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Smart dogs soon learn
to run on three legs and you may have to change the leg in the collar to regain
control!</span></div>
Dr Clive Daltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15929644974912176271noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5563327546075276103.post-80784030743852277662016-02-29T10:45:00.003+13:002017-08-15T14:50:53.127+12:00Farm working Dogs in New Zealand. 3. Mating, Birth and Weaning<style>
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<span style="color: #6aa84f;"><b>By Dr Clive Dalton</b></span><br />
<b> </b>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Mating</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Dogs reach puberty at about 6-9 months of
age and learn the behaviour needed to mate (eg mounting) through play.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dogs are great individuals so bringing
a bitch to a dog is probably the best way to do things.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then it saves the time the dog will
waste establishing himself in a new territory by cocking his leg on everything
in sight.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The female "presents" by showing
a receptive posture while the male smells and licks her genital area.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She may run a short distance and
present again to excite the dog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>When in standing oestrus, the dog will mount and gain entry by trial and
error.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He will then thrust vigorously
stepping from one leg to the other.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>During this time ejaculation occurs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The dog's penis engorges for about 15-30
seconds in the vagina locking the pair together.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The bitch may twist and turn and the pair may end up
pointing in different directions for about 10-30 minutes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Throwing water over them will do no
good at all!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During this locked
position a second ejaculation occurs when most of the prostate fluid is
expelled.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Great damage can occur by pulling mating
dogs apart.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So if it's an unplanned
mating - be patient. Spend the time placating the bitch’s owner!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The deed has been done so contact your
veterinarian about an early abortion. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Pregnancy</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">A bitch will reach puberty and come into
heat first from 6-18 months of age.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If not pregnant. she will return to heat every 6-9 months.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bitches spend a long time in
"pro-oestrus" or coming into heat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is annoying as all the dogs in the area think they
should stay around, and wait for the great moment when she will stand.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">While coming on heat, her vulva will become
red and swollen and she passes a sticky mucous.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As heat continues she will stand to be mounted before racing
away to tease the male.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">“Standing heat” occurs about 10 days after
the start of coming into season, and lasts anything from 5-12 days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At this most receptive stage the vulval
discharge changes to a pale straw colour which will bring dogs for miles
away.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She also urinates regularly
to spread the news and mark her territory.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A good sign that she is "right on" is when she urinates
in the presence of a male, usually when he smells her genitals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If he doesn't get the message then, he
never will!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">There are problems with inexperienced males
who in all the excitement get things wrong.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To avoid this, mate a young dog first to an old bitch, and
vice versa.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some of the finer
points of sexual behaviour have to be learned.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Pregnancy in a bitch lasts from 58-63 days.</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Pseudo
pregnancy (false pregnancy)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This is an annoying condition as a bitch
may appear to be pregnant for 30-90 days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She will show all the signs of a normal pregnancy, make a nest in
preparation for birth and even produce milk for up to 60 days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This can be very handy to rear
orphan pups but a nuisance if you want to mate her as she may not come in heat
again for 3-4 months.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Birth</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">A working bitch will still want to work
right up the time before birth, so watch her carefully to make sure she's not
injured as she slows up with her extra load!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>About 12-24 hours before birth she will make a bed of
anything around.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Make sure she has
some straw or rags to chew up, and don't be surprised if she doesn't want to
whelp in her kennel.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She may sneak
off to a hole in the ground somewhere.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>You'll have to lock her up if you want to dictate the maternity
quarters.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">She'll become restless and have a reduced
appetite prior to birth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Frequent
urination and defaecation as well as heavy panting are also good signs of
action to come.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Labour can last
from 2-3 hours up to 12 hours depending on the litter size and any
complications.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Seek veterinary
help at the first sign of problems.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">As each pup is born the bitch will chew the
birth sac, biting through the umbilical cord in the process.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The arrival of the afterbirth is a sign
that all the pups have arrived and the bitch will probably eat it too. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The bitch then spends a lot of time licking
the pups, especially their lower abdomen and area around the genitals ingesting
their faeces and urine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This keeps
the nest clean and dry - two important aspects.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Don't disturb the bitch during whelping and
keep strangers away.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you need
the vet, then make sure you are there to reassure the bitch and stay near her
head comforting her.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Pups
after birth</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Pups are born blind and deaf, and the world
of sight and sound only opens up to them at about three weeks of age.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So they are very "touch"
conscious animals at birth, and this "contact comfort" stays with
them for the rest of their lives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This is why the greatest reward you can give a working dog is a
reassuring pat!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Pups are quite active soon after birth, but
stay near each other and seek out warm surfaces because near these, teats and
milk can usually be found.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
side-to-side movements of very young pups as they move short distances, show how
they are looking for those teats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The bitch often encourages them towards her teats by licking.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">If you have an inexperienced bitch, it may
be useful to fit a rail around the whelping area as used for sows. to prevent
her lying on pups.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Strong pups
usually get out of the way or make such a noise that she will investigate their
cries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Smaller weaker pups may be
ignored and squashed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Rearing</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLWD_7E5pElp1hfj4XMPCoHnoBwYwB5Aoy9OukFKg6BCvWmldqNpVts8Qclf06pd_y-YRCFl_2G_DcLUxxfn5d_CSEn3JURD5NHeHx7fapdGnA8PdxA9xdZFJ7vw6McjRglOVkmyrhL7o/s1600/Bitch+and+pups+2+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLWD_7E5pElp1hfj4XMPCoHnoBwYwB5Aoy9OukFKg6BCvWmldqNpVts8Qclf06pd_y-YRCFl_2G_DcLUxxfn5d_CSEn3JURD5NHeHx7fapdGnA8PdxA9xdZFJ7vw6McjRglOVkmyrhL7o/s320/Bitch+and+pups+2+copy.jpg" width="224" /></a><span lang="EN-US">Just before 4 weeks old, a pup begins to
react to its litter mates and its mother.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>At this stage the pup can see and hear.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Play, tail-wagging, barking and other traits of the adult
dog are seen now.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">For bitches with large litters, make sure
they can get away from the pups for short periods, especially as they get
older.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A shelf to lie on above the
pups is ideal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But watch a
lactating bitch for roaming in search of food.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At this stage she’ll have an enormous appetite when
she's milking heavily.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Once the bitch has discouraged the pups
from sucking, the focus is shifted from her teats to her muzzle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is because the primitive dog fed
her pups by regurgitating food she brought back to the den.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The pup licks the muzzle with a
crouching posture of a low-ranking pack member.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So when a dog licks your face, remember it’s asking you to
regurgitate your last meal for it!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Socialisation </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAjp25OFw14LBILO3wOeWB-nn29xl-aznF94QTvrO5DuCd65E8yl5iVcXRAKkBzznj-kLeKOMA50ZmjuyHGVbPNp-OGFdJh5bqqVhEqYd984QKP0fed7tarv1ycl3FkijlzL_60WiQyr4/s1600/Mark+%2526+pups1++copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAjp25OFw14LBILO3wOeWB-nn29xl-aznF94QTvrO5DuCd65E8yl5iVcXRAKkBzznj-kLeKOMA50ZmjuyHGVbPNp-OGFdJh5bqqVhEqYd984QKP0fed7tarv1ycl3FkijlzL_60WiQyr4/s320/Mark+%2526+pups1++copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">From 5 weeks of age pups will avoid
strangers and this peaks at about 8 weeks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It's an “anxiety” period that nature has designed to protect
them from predators.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So anything
that a pup has not experienced before about 12 weeks will be avoided later with
some fear.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">So 4 - 12 weeks of age is the most
important time in a pup's life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This is the "socialisation" stage when it learns to interact
with other dogs, people and anything else it will meet later on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Let the pup experience noises,
strangers, children, cats, cars and so on, if you want a happy well-adjusted
dog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is no truth in the
belief of some trainers that children can spoil pups - let them play with the
kids as much as they want without getting hurt or abused.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Building
the bond</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB9-ms9oBPsbJmqZWINIQUGspdlrXvzKs2mBPSWQuGdyeKPwnZ1fI64mfKyAEkzKPaUJNPn3ixqEr7MwKuLu0qrIV3IaqWFM3YiUQTcojujf-zV8dNH-WSNL0V7iNVg_DjitZJpkq7LZo/s1600/Meg+7+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB9-ms9oBPsbJmqZWINIQUGspdlrXvzKs2mBPSWQuGdyeKPwnZ1fI64mfKyAEkzKPaUJNPn3ixqEr7MwKuLu0qrIV3IaqWFM3YiUQTcojujf-zV8dNH-WSNL0V7iNVg_DjitZJpkq7LZo/s320/Meg+7+copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Establishing yourself as a pup's pack
leader is vital, and it needs to be done before 12 weeks of age.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A method used by some dog
handlers is simply to lay the pup flat on the ground and hold it down with both
hands.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If it struggles, shake it
(which is what a bitch does) and growl or raise your voice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then when it settles speak quietly to
it and calm it by rubbing your hands all over it, including putting your
fingers in its mouth.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Actions used by successful
handlers:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Feed the pup yourself, so you
and food become associated.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Occasionally interrupt the
pup's feeding for a few seconds, praise it then let it feed again.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If it resists, use the shake-praise
technique.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Never call the dog to you just
before disciplining it.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Don't leave the pup alone for
long periods. Take it with you wherever you go.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Introduce it carefully to
frightening experiences where it can get hurt - eg. trampling by sheep.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Be consistent and don't change
the rules.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Give plenty of
praise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Make sure everyone else
near the pup understands the rules and is not breaking them and confusing the
pup.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">If a pup shows signs of
dominance or develops bad habits, use the “shake-praise” routine.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Eye contact is very
dominating.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hold the pup up to
your eye level for periods of 30-90 seconds and stare it out.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If it struggles shake-praise it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Praise it softly until it settles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Repeat the exercise often in different
places.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFZGN5S2yQZeTk3pOmcBe_dALSRVIncCdU5Q5ahhIrWESd8vmIzwtdaD17uOU8DwP7Fynm-94Dg-ej6ocy14voE-uYJ6xpY9JJ422hVIIIpTKiwUzKrcxKNUgKw6WvNhn5Nnq50mRohhI/s1600/Meg+10+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFZGN5S2yQZeTk3pOmcBe_dALSRVIncCdU5Q5ahhIrWESd8vmIzwtdaD17uOU8DwP7Fynm-94Dg-ej6ocy14voE-uYJ6xpY9JJ422hVIIIpTKiwUzKrcxKNUgKw6WvNhn5Nnq50mRohhI/s320/Meg+10+copy.jpg" width="294" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: small;">Gentle dominance of a pup by handler</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
Dr Clive Daltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15929644974912176271noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5563327546075276103.post-54557691720167121362016-02-29T10:02:00.000+13:002017-08-15T14:51:10.233+12:00Farm working Dogs in New Zealand. 2. Buying a dog.<style>
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</style><span style="color: #38761d;"><b> By Dr Clive Dalton</b></span><br />
<b> </b>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Buying a dog can be a very worrying
experience, especially if your current dog has just died or been killed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You generally want a good dog that will
work for you within 24 hours - and be as good if not better than the old friend
you are still grieving.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">A
pup</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe6gVNw0YZTTJTPc3Ylsnuk3tVG9p-DyA1i6VLE1WPFaZaz1RnZEhiBK6-D5wRgUV6arwMBPFBq8282v1_jhX86W80FeT8LVz66B9E3l414Ln89P_NlbR_NegbyT98I4LEcq7sUUa96Xo/s1600/Hunt+pup+1+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe6gVNw0YZTTJTPc3Ylsnuk3tVG9p-DyA1i6VLE1WPFaZaz1RnZEhiBK6-D5wRgUV6arwMBPFBq8282v1_jhX86W80FeT8LVz66B9E3l414Ln89P_NlbR_NegbyT98I4LEcq7sUUa96Xo/s320/Hunt+pup+1+copy.jpg" width="228" /></a><span lang="EN-US">You cannot look at a pup and predict with
any accuracy what it will turn out to be.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There is a lot of folklore on this such as taking the boldest pup in the
litter, the one with black on the roof of it's mouth, the bitch's favorite, and
so on is not reliable.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Dog handlers often stress that you should
take a pup that you like, because you have to build a close bond with it over
the 10 years or so you'll be together.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>That's got to be very sound advice.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Always go to a reputable breeder, rely on
the pedigree if there is one, or ask to see the parents working.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is no official breed society for
working dogs but if dogs win trials, they can if the owner wishes, be entered
in the stud book of the NZ Dog Trials Association.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You don't get in there by your looks, you have to give
public displays of your work to get there.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Half-broken
dog</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This is a dog that has started to work -
but beware!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It may be one that has
stopped again!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Or it may be a dog
that has had a relationship bust-up with its boss, and there may be deep scars,
that may cause problems for new owners.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">There are many dog handlers who do
especially well taking (often for free) dogs that other handlers were going to
shoot, so it's not all bad news.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>You many have the skills to form a good relationship with such a
dog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Just realise what is
involved, and beware of what you may NOT have been told about the dog.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">So just check the reason for selling.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If in doubt consult a member of your
nearest branch of the NZ Sheep Dog Trial Association (SDTA).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Fully-trained
dog bought privately</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV9sqqBAxWwtnmtcLohl-85RD7uCbOqqiNBrhR8hBV71uqXg5kwD_9zqJYL96c60YAvoFp2uPHv_7PhmhdmkyQ56Iux-ZY30_J5xjhTDAsCdB8qiLCxluDjf206LYwI2stkvNH3Qk-Ex4/s1600/Meg+18+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV9sqqBAxWwtnmtcLohl-85RD7uCbOqqiNBrhR8hBV71uqXg5kwD_9zqJYL96c60YAvoFp2uPHv_7PhmhdmkyQ56Iux-ZY30_J5xjhTDAsCdB8qiLCxluDjf206LYwI2stkvNH3Qk-Ex4/s320/Meg+18+copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-US">This is often the best option for a
beginner as a reputable breeder will guarantee the dog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This means that he/she will replace the
dog or offer you the money back.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Check this before you buy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They'll show you the dog working on their farm (for as long as you
like), but remember the importance of the bond created between owner and
dog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You will not get the same
performance from the dog until you build a similar bond.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That's why the guarantee is important.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Many breeders will give you details of the
commands, either with a demo or a tape recording or both.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It'll take time for the dog to learn
new sounds, as you will never be able to mimic the old commands to
perfection.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The dog doesn't
understand English, it only recognises sounds.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">A fully-trained dog may appear costly - but
just remember how many hours have gone into its training and the costs of
feeding and care.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Work out the
purchase price over an expected working life of 5-7 years and a top dog is
always a bargain.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Again if
concerned, get someone from your local SDTA to help you.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Dog
bought at a sale</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Special dog sales are common and there are
sometimes dogs are put up at farm dispersal sales.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The points made above apply.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The only problem with a sale is that you won't have
unlimited time to see the dog work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It may only get a quick run around some friendly sheep and give a couple
of barks and a leg cock.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You may
not see all it's strengths or weaknesses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It may not have time to grab a sheep by the jugular or hang on a bull's
tail.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">And you never know what the final price may
be if someone else likes it!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If
you're forced to buy at a sale, get someone from your local DTA to guide you.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Which
sex?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">There is a wide range of opinion here.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A male dog is often preferred, as they
don't come on heat and get pregnant so need time off work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The odd bit of wandering they do is not
a mortal sin unless they worry a few sheep on the way home.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Getting a bitch pregnant is seen
as their good luck rather than the bitch's misfortune.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You'll always get a pick from the
resulting litter even if the bitch's owner is not very pleased.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Some people prefer a bitch because they are
a softer nature and maybe less headstrong.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These points are debatable and differences in temperament
are often strain differences rather than sex.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Bitches these days can be prevented from
coming on heat by hormone treatment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>De-sexing of working dogs (by castration) and bitches (by spaying) not
needed for breeding is not popular, as many believe it makes them more prone to
put on fat and get sluggish.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Current veterinary opinion is that desexing working dogs has no bad
effect on their working ability.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They get plenty of exercise so obesity is not a problem.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Which
colour?</span></b><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3gU1_BirMJFbKSwbXC06mNfxzE9UOWGrLBGBF-hUnhVYueQbRXsUdXRucgCzJZAgBDMm7B4BHHEfxLDzLjJmR_rwHETOxbOircYD1hzGad-C9hU7ZxWPsF6D54epdZEGJz0T24hfjHII/s1600/Collie+blue+merle++copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3gU1_BirMJFbKSwbXC06mNfxzE9UOWGrLBGBF-hUnhVYueQbRXsUdXRucgCzJZAgBDMm7B4BHHEfxLDzLjJmR_rwHETOxbOircYD1hzGad-C9hU7ZxWPsF6D54epdZEGJz0T24hfjHII/s320/Collie+blue+merle++copy.jpg" width="320" /></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></b><br />
<span lang="EN-US">Not an important issue.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shepherds like a dog that is easy to
see at long distances.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You would
think that white would be an ideal colour, but shepherds reckon it looks too
much like a sheep, and the sheep get confused too!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Red and ginger dogs are hard to see sometimes so the ideal
would be a combination of black, tan and some white.</span></div>
Dr Clive Daltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15929644974912176271noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5563327546075276103.post-7490916803616368942016-02-26T21:58:00.000+13:002017-08-15T14:51:31.357+12:00Farm working Dogs in New Zealand. 1. Breeds.<style>
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<b><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">By Dr Clive Dalton</span></span></span></b></div>
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</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">What's
a breed?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The definition of a breed is often rather
vague.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All you can say is that
it's a group of animals with a common origin, that generally look similar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It's really not very important to folk
who want animals simply for their function - and that includes most shepherds
and stock persons.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Trouble starts with people who want animals
for their looks and aesthetic traits.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Fortunately for people working stock - the show ring and breed society
specifications have never influenced the farm dog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Long may that be the way of things.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">The show ring has sadly been the cause of
the loss of many working genes from some breeds - and this is a pity, as you
never know when these could be needed in future.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We should have saved these working genes as frozen semen and
embryos - a good idea far too late.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">The
Border Collie</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxSOb2FG2ncYljmiGsoozjH9ShRWxbhSHRedZTj69rdgfBXB1a4IqSu0ZePfRaTrBgAv2Bp0l5_BjjnvpWOYcVQfk9LV0b5UKKER2aJLXTxQQJfCwXQrmmwMUEMG5NSUfvXUzNsaLjnu0/s1600/Helen+BC+SM+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxSOb2FG2ncYljmiGsoozjH9ShRWxbhSHRedZTj69rdgfBXB1a4IqSu0ZePfRaTrBgAv2Bp0l5_BjjnvpWOYcVQfk9LV0b5UKKER2aJLXTxQQJfCwXQrmmwMUEMG5NSUfvXUzNsaLjnu0/s320/Helen+BC+SM+copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: small;">Classical British Border Collie (Photo: Helen Brown)</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US">This breed has been the foundation of most of the world's working dogs. It<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>originated from the English-Scottish
border, this small, long-haired dog that "clapped" on it's belly
while stalking stock, came to NZ with the early shepherds.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Selection for performance over
time in New Zealand has changed it into an upstanding, long-legged and
smooth-haired speedster.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is not
a barking dog except when excessively excited, and selection is firmly against
this trait by dog trialists.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
instinct to grab and bite can be fairly strong and remains in some
strains.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was the final act to
kill after the "stalk" in the primitive dog.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">The NZ "eye" dog or
"heading" dog does the bulk of speed gathering of stock and the
quick-reaction close-quarter work such as shedding or catching sheep.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Border collies are mainly black and
white although there are some black and tan strains and the occasional
"blue merle", a gene associated with "wall" or pale blue
eyes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are red (ginger) genes
found and sometimes very white animals that are usually disliked.</span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-CQN0YPZTRYugub9gKUiHHe6VuZDiU7rs3DONDdSlzjrNdje-jfIs7FsssNC_RR2FFlq5rykyTJ-HBYOKNebyItOfEs_K6XYGT9nutLUlL93-u-6k5BxBDreLWWLBiIclzQLYrE1aI3A/s1600/Meg+on+alert++copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-CQN0YPZTRYugub9gKUiHHe6VuZDiU7rs3DONDdSlzjrNdje-jfIs7FsssNC_RR2FFlq5rykyTJ-HBYOKNebyItOfEs_K6XYGT9nutLUlL93-u-6k5BxBDreLWWLBiIclzQLYrE1aI3A/s320/Meg+on+alert++copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: small;">NZ eye or heading dog</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US"> However, border collies are now becoming
popular as pets and are winning most obedience trials and agility tests.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This could be a threat to the farm
working dog if these two strains separate and then get mixed up.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not many shepherds want their dog to
find their hankie or bring back a toy rabbit!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But fetching the paper from the gate is a useful trick some
shepherds do teach their heading dogs though. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Border collies love to learn and there’s nothing
wrong with teaching a working dog a few new tricks to keep its brain
active.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Same principle applies to
their owners.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">The
Huntaway</span></b><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkCwwLClx1HjDDhwYjdzf7IPj-uNnHEnP9Ea7W4UameBZ7nk2hu14ShyFNOTWiIMI4kW_9o526pyBgTtTtx34n9D821lealuEnc_6mJwnuWNKeNANGhWuQEyhyW66Klx2_sj8CVL7GHik/s1600/P1020223+copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkCwwLClx1HjDDhwYjdzf7IPj-uNnHEnP9Ea7W4UameBZ7nk2hu14ShyFNOTWiIMI4kW_9o526pyBgTtTtx34n9D821lealuEnc_6mJwnuWNKeNANGhWuQEyhyW66Klx2_sj8CVL7GHik/s320/P1020223+copy.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: small;">Typical huntaways</span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIp9r-KMtrzmXve7mGVpePyefdwMiJR6yu1K_1Yv4I24JPt3Dc1RjFPFrQnL7zEWU1rkpj4LmVUBJvpRNcClSgoUG4cxzrfMwfB2tPMQg9tF608M-Lb9Ea8sEFuW8ls8_XwBhscNFI6RA/s1600/P1030624+copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIp9r-KMtrzmXve7mGVpePyefdwMiJR6yu1K_1Yv4I24JPt3Dc1RjFPFrQnL7zEWU1rkpj4LmVUBJvpRNcClSgoUG4cxzrfMwfB2tPMQg9tF608M-Lb9Ea8sEFuW8ls8_XwBhscNFI6RA/s320/P1030624+copy.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: small;">Huntaway x Beardie</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span lang="EN-US"> The Huntaway is truly "made in NZ"
and is probably the best example in the world of an animal bred for performance
alone, and not ruined by breed society rules and regulations!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A wonderful example of how to use a
pool of genetic variation, out of which you select what is needed to do a
specified task.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It's modern
genetic theory used before such theory was worked out.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Huntaways come in many shapes and colours
and there are there used to be three or four major strains.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are big strongly-built dogs used
for everything - heading (gathering by going round sheep), hunting (driving
stock away from or towards the handler), forcing sheep by jumping on their
backs, and handling all the hurly-burly work sheep yards and woolsheds.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are all bred to bark (give noise).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Huntaways are mainly black and tan with
variations of mainly black, and a ginger red colour.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These are genes clearly from their origins of border collie,
beardie, fox hound, Labrador and goodness-knows what else!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nobody today is concerned what went
into the mix, but it would still be interesting to know how it was done.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">(See blog on Huntaway) </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">The
Beardie</span></b><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUTIs5mJC8W70xEsK3IHUZtfbLj9wmunjvrTqOPcCL3sLSMWC_EsSaucmaS8tpDyOLHW60ssE3Y5zNcTin5rINMbEWztRwlk8qrkhlPCCVpGHDkq03rgL8_Om83rbw5FJt72DD1TDeraQ/s1600/Dairy+farm+dog0001+copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUTIs5mJC8W70xEsK3IHUZtfbLj9wmunjvrTqOPcCL3sLSMWC_EsSaucmaS8tpDyOLHW60ssE3Y5zNcTin5rINMbEWztRwlk8qrkhlPCCVpGHDkq03rgL8_Om83rbw5FJt72DD1TDeraQ/s320/Dairy+farm+dog0001+copy.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: small;">Beardie </span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US">Originated from Scotland where it would
bark and gather sheep from bracken covered hills.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They were called "hunters" and this could be the
origin of the Kiwi term "huntaway".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are grey, white, and tan in colour and have long hair
including a beard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Great-natured, tireless dogs and
despite their long hair, work well in heat. They are better at hunting than heading and are always keen to bark. They are very popular in dairy farms to bring cows in.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">The
Smithfield</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">A bit of a mystery dog, supposed to have
come from the barking dogs used by drovers at Smithfield market in London.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Australians have added confusion by
calling Beardie-types "Smithfields".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The NZ Smithfield, if you can find one, is like a small
conventional huntaway or beardie type, and sometimes has a naturally bobbed tail. They look like small huntaways or handy dogs. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">The
NZ "handy" dog</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">These are great dogs that do
everything!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It seems as if they
are a strain of huntaway that some breeders have selected over time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are not a heading
dog-huntaway cross, as these are generally disasters!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> But they are varied in colour and mostly like huntaways. </span>Farmers comment that these old-fashioned dogs are now
very hard to find, as dog trialists have selected for more specialist dogs and
not the general-purpose dog so useful on farms for general-hands or
less-experienced shepherds.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These
dogs would definitely bring the paper from the gate.</span></div>
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</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">The
Kelpie</span></b><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpaQ6QRpFzJo8KI81fHmEn1jUA0iZ-Ng9vxs3BHL608bTpHOaZcytUiEkAr0K_TwJfBNCigv8U37KxP2G7UxyjxzxQRO59InPW0M_davX1ve_84hLwmNIgeHTemR0SSJuCGlbv_4skd-Y/s1600/images.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpaQ6QRpFzJo8KI81fHmEn1jUA0iZ-Ng9vxs3BHL608bTpHOaZcytUiEkAr0K_TwJfBNCigv8U37KxP2G7UxyjxzxQRO59InPW0M_davX1ve_84hLwmNIgeHTemR0SSJuCGlbv_4skd-Y/s320/images.jpeg" width="320" /></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This is the Australian all-round working
dog that has NO dingo in it!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Kelpie breeders get very upset if you mention dingos!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It's the Aussie huntaway and is
supposed to have been selected from strains of Border Collies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Very tough either black or
chocolate-coloured dogs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In NZ it
would be used mainly for cattle work.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<span style="color: red;">Photo: Kelpie (Source: Internet)</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">The
Australian cattle dog </span></b><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZVvrLCt7H-32aJekvk1-BBnhOYH9em7vyxoOl2KCYXIrFbsO65pi5McskgRNZUgxYwxZU8oLgTIhyphenhyphenuNUyLvOxL_o0f_IIoGANhfad6PS71aKYMlcDJ0cV5LoP8jfaP_4oRdGVJJWs0fI/s1600/P1000338+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZVvrLCt7H-32aJekvk1-BBnhOYH9em7vyxoOl2KCYXIrFbsO65pi5McskgRNZUgxYwxZU8oLgTIhyphenhyphenuNUyLvOxL_o0f_IIoGANhfad6PS71aKYMlcDJ0cV5LoP8jfaP_4oRdGVJJWs0fI/s320/P1000338+copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: small;">Australian cattle dog (with red factor gene instead of blue)</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US">Also known as the "blue heeler",
"Australian heeler" or "Queensland blue heeler" - and
probably a lot of other unprintable things too.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These are tough dogs bred to heel and nose cattle - real
Aussie battlers!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Their
well-documented genetic origin contains "black bobtails" (presumably
collie), definitely dingo to get rid of barking, as well as Kelpie, blue merle
collie, Dalmatian, and probably a lot more.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Generally too tough for most shepherds unless you have stroppy
cattle to handle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A loyal and
tough dog.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Surprisingly they are increasing in
popularity in New Zealand as pets and show dogs, so their future as workers is
clearly at risk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">The
rough-coated collie</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">These are the dogs that "Lassie"
made famous.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Useless as working
dogs as their working genes have been lost through the show ring.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">The
Shetland sheepdog or Sheltie</span></b><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGqRaP-xiOKdqAIw3EcI73FQoOPyJ2uDzrP_Idbqtj0L0qsO_PbTquGnAwOV_NOuSWpNONQtgXTmHqFNOpti6lT1orE1bhLQMDDsEvzQMgzD7RterYXHfbn0pSNVoFXeaiBcIbfRQDVNE/s1600/Unknown.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGqRaP-xiOKdqAIw3EcI73FQoOPyJ2uDzrP_Idbqtj0L0qsO_PbTquGnAwOV_NOuSWpNONQtgXTmHqFNOpti6lT1orE1bhLQMDDsEvzQMgzD7RterYXHfbn0pSNVoFXeaiBcIbfRQDVNE/s320/Unknown.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">This is smaller version of the rough coated
collie from Scotland's northern most islands.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They were the crofter’s working dogs but now useless as workers.</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sheltie (Source: Internet)</span></span> </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Old
English sheepdog </span></b><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQM0E1lNUEwkeREVi1X6xFXjN3_etnw97epxEzW5_HQ21IVrF2CVx1T6dFsbAMKyHIEchCsco3X1bO_wqGY9kA_vzuCd4-mcG3NPRZmpOODLleFiquO0m9tWLzBnEu_z7sFesFf0peavI/s1600/Unknown-2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQM0E1lNUEwkeREVi1X6xFXjN3_etnw97epxEzW5_HQ21IVrF2CVx1T6dFsbAMKyHIEchCsco3X1bO_wqGY9kA_vzuCd4-mcG3NPRZmpOODLleFiquO0m9tWLzBnEu_z7sFesFf0peavI/s200/Unknown-2.jpeg" width="200" /></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US">A very old breed of working dog developed
to handle intensive sheep on the English downland.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now completely ruined as a working dog by show ring
standards.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many of these dogs now
cannot see for facial hair - unless it's tied up with a ribbon.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Modern shepherds as far as I know don't
carry ribbons!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red;"><span lang="EN-US"> Photo: Old English sheepdog (Sourc<b>e: </b>internet)</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">The
Corgie</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Once the tough little Welsh cattle dog, and
you may still find some that will heel cattle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Two strains exist - the Cardigan and the Pembrokeshire.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now generally useless for working
stock, but made popular because of Royal associations.</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghEAWQFqjYDJerdAwbLlbkUrDYNRCvCDMRh3k3MLHvJh3h4B5AjtqocfIS22HirPZ9d0_BjmnAkFW1PalOldpqg35iI-9uYS7RQcoD_0vRk36a2bae_UM4sIi0axnVARze0iORIC_oLXQ/s1600/Unknown-3.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghEAWQFqjYDJerdAwbLlbkUrDYNRCvCDMRh3k3MLHvJh3h4B5AjtqocfIS22HirPZ9d0_BjmnAkFW1PalOldpqg35iI-9uYS7RQcoD_0vRk36a2bae_UM4sIi0axnVARze0iORIC_oLXQ/s200/Unknown-3.jpeg" width="180" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pembroks Corgi (Source: Internet)</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Dr Clive Daltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15929644974912176271noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5563327546075276103.post-83229034832983067972016-02-19T15:42:00.000+13:002016-02-23T16:28:09.939+13:00New Zeland agriculture. Dairy farming's biggest threat.<style>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><span lang="EN-US">Clive Dalton</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJAxx2-xhsnLzY1KpmqYq5-RWRbhMgLq1u_MbhsJOMV1FD3NBJA0uhfcxVVPxv9D4B-m97jElJAg0SDEow-PR6cRzTOFsXtpbKr4TO4YPIh3epXgJbERh2_UjhYIEcfmjL41PPctVSnNo/s1600/Shaws+cows0021+copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJAxx2-xhsnLzY1KpmqYq5-RWRbhMgLq1u_MbhsJOMV1FD3NBJA0uhfcxVVPxv9D4B-m97jElJAg0SDEow-PR6cRzTOFsXtpbKr4TO4YPIh3epXgJbERh2_UjhYIEcfmjL41PPctVSnNo/s400/Shaws+cows0021+copy.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><span lang="EN-US"> </span></b></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Question 1.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><b> </b> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What’s the biggest national threat
facing the New Zealand dairy industry in the next 5-10 years?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The low milksolids payout due to a world surplus of milk powder is the wrong answer. The correct
answer is farm staff literacy and numeracy, as it’s now recognised that 50% of
new recruits entering farming cannot effectively read or write to a level where
they can keep records or follow a manual.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They also cannot do basic maths or measure accurately. They have never learned their times tables!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">So calculating the volume of a silage pit
(LxBxH), then knocking off 5% waste, and working out the length of a grazing
area of 1.7ha if one side is 50m are complete mysteries, as is mixing a 7% teat
spray solution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And don’t ever
mention fractions. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">When at The Waikato Polytechnic I must have
wasted hours trying to teach these basic maths. Thank goodness for metrics, calculators
with a percentage and a square root button, if you could students to understand where they would be useful.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Question 2.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Who is going to fix this appalling
situation?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Be very afraid, as
the answer is ‘nobody knows’. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">It’s an unbelievable situation, and instead
of schools being able to solve the problem, they have to live with it, and look
the other way at the end of the year when year 13 students leave for the last time,
heading hopefully for further training. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">None of the teachers I talk to are happy
about this situation, and are adamant that the latest education reforms will do nothing
to solve it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Minister of
Education keeps telling us that she wants every Kiwi child to have access to a
good education.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Farmers wonder if
they’ll live long enough to see it happen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">When I ask teachers for a solution, they
point out that no school has the time, the resources or the money to fix things
at their level. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You cannot hold
back 15-17 year-olds, and put the hard word on them to do extra work till they become
literate and numerate as happened in the old days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This would now be classed as harassment!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Blame<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>So all I hear is blame! High school teachers blame intermediate
schools, which then blame primary schools, whose teachers tell me the problem
starts in the home, with kids arriving at school with no vocabulary and never
having seen books or have had stories read to them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All agree that there just isn’t enough money spent in primary schools on
support to fix the problem there.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>These young folk are not dummies – the education system has let them
down.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Old teachers bemoan the poor literacy and numeracy
of new graduates finishing Universities with degrees in education.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How do they get accepted?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Something very odd going
on<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">With modern technology and
social media, there have never been so many words written by young folk. So how
can they be constantly ‘on line’ texting, tweeting, face booking and emailing
and not be able to read and write English needed for the workforce? They are
all keyboard wizards, so don’t need pens or handwriting, and they are not
scared to learn new things by trial and error.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The problem is that the industry is full of
labels and manuals written in technical English that even the literate can
struggle with at times. This situation won’t change, due to legal requirements
covering manufacturers, to protect them from mis-interpretation of directions
and being sued.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>The million-dollar question.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">How long can farming and other trades wait
till all this education disaster is sorted?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
honest answer is that they cannot. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">What are current dairy farmers doing to fix
things, as they are the ones copping the result?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not a lot I’d suggest at present, with the CTU estimating that
only 50% of farmers spend any money on staff training, and few pay more for
staff with training qualifications. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The solution is very clear to me, if the
Minister of Primary Industry wants export earnings doubled by 2025, and needing
50,000 new recruits, the Prime Minister needs to give him a boost in the caucus
pecking order so he has the clout with the Minister of Finance to pour some
serious money into the Primary ITO as a major priority as we speak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Then dairy farmers, Federated Farmers,
Fonterra and other dairy companies, DairyNZ, LIC and everybody with an interest
in the dairy industry has to push madly to pressure Treasury on behalf of the
PrimaryITO – and pour more of their money into the pot.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b> Primary ITO</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The PrimaryITO are the only ones who have an overall view of
what’s needed and who really understand how to fix things urgently, to stop all
the duplication and waste by so many education providers, and to get modern
technology into the teaching business pronto.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">We don’t want any more inquiries, scoping
groups, research and bureaucratic diversions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Minister of Primary Industry has to solve the problem by
supercharging the Primary ITO, as the Minister of Education clearly can’t help
the farming industry, and neither can the Minister of Innovation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The fall-back solution in the very short term is more
immigrant labour, but that’s not the answer as training them brings another set of
cultural and religious challenges, which I suggest is not yet on the Minister’s priority job list. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The other solution is more technology. More robotics are on their way! </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkZ3JCsDvxs9btHUpKqkPFD7_CzxwnpW2bv7pz40DuqUgAuhTCsQDWAzV0BzuxDqAJOhJG2VmQ56lZE6loRj7mJY78lwostfXet_rM17nrHVPszDmtoETR36ReoxfrOCPAWBOEBxBrPnE/s1600/P1020014+copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkZ3JCsDvxs9btHUpKqkPFD7_CzxwnpW2bv7pz40DuqUgAuhTCsQDWAzV0BzuxDqAJOhJG2VmQ56lZE6loRj7mJY78lwostfXet_rM17nrHVPszDmtoETR36ReoxfrOCPAWBOEBxBrPnE/s400/P1020014+copy.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Who will operate dairy farms in future? Humans or robots?</b></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Dr Clive Daltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15929644974912176271noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5563327546075276103.post-14131238477811244232016-02-07T16:13:00.000+13:002016-02-08T19:26:05.534+13:00New Zealand farming. Poultry – Glossary of terms<style>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"></span><span lang="EN-US"></span><span style="color: #38761d;"><b><span lang="EN-US">Dr Clive Dalton</span></b></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Albumin:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The white of an egg made up of four different layers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Avian:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Relating to birds.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Bantam:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Small type of laying fowl.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqY7tRuyg6iQ4fZ1G6QKmQIQIoQTibg-4FTC2aa0cOXBy4Nngac12xR48QwIGz3NSdx0B3AygHm5XGEIvwLGuqNmFFFjoGZSd6026irWqGchxZIR0ItEE5y6u3n1TxwWR3lOQ0xs9150c/s1600/DSC02851+copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqY7tRuyg6iQ4fZ1G6QKmQIQIoQTibg-4FTC2aa0cOXBy4Nngac12xR48QwIGz3NSdx0B3AygHm5XGEIvwLGuqNmFFFjoGZSd6026irWqGchxZIR0ItEE5y6u3n1TxwWR3lOQ0xs9150c/s400/DSC02851+copy.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Bantams</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<b><span lang="EN-US"></span></b><span lang="EN-US"><b>Battery cages:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><b> </b> </span>Wire cages with sloping floors to hold laying birds from a
single to multiples (usually four).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Arranged in decks with provisions for feeding, watering, egg collection
and dung disposal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are now
‘welfare’ cages where birds have more room.</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfw7J4vkJKKcbA5RnBIbPZN8mW56G0rJRskqAEW4mufdld6aU8ZRsLzgD1mgTRyW2laB4z2m76Oc3fsakzfS_QkBnKlDJ8YFbWRgArBa1YOi60OdefOc0H7nCLErqo-J-4EBoONE5QnGQ/s1600/Hens+in+cages+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="345" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfw7J4vkJKKcbA5RnBIbPZN8mW56G0rJRskqAEW4mufdld6aU8ZRsLzgD1mgTRyW2laB4z2m76Oc3fsakzfS_QkBnKlDJ8YFbWRgArBa1YOi60OdefOc0H7nCLErqo-J-4EBoONE5QnGQ/s400/Hens+in+cages+copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Laying birds in multiple-bird cage</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"></span><span lang="EN-US"></span><span lang="EN-US"><b>Beak trimming:</b> Removing the sharp end of
the upper beak with cauterising iron to prevent pecking other birds.</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Blood spot:</b> An egg defect maybe caused by
the rupture of small blood vessels in the bird’s ovary at the time of releasing
the yolk into the oviduct. Blood appears in the egg white or attached to the
yolk membrane of the egg.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Boiler:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An adult old fowl used for meat at the end of her productive
egg laying life.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Breed:</b> Old types of fowls (e;g; Rhode Island Red and Plymouth Rock) kept for eggs and
meat which are genetically different. Most modern commercial birds are 'hybrids'
produced by crossing inbred lines by large international companies.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Broiler:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Young meat chicken specially bred for rapid growth and high
meat yield.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Grows to around 1.8kg
liveweight in 40 days.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US"> </span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXc_SX_iAp3PcaBb4rOICu24X19n_kFuuxqs6I19oMqN2oyXknHIwe3PmwJrNItHzZ9HiRPY_uzNtKbQWoAWYtbOFwBI1aA94tm3OujxATU5csGy5Bj-xgCfXu5Oj85G_TmHec-G1QE8Y/s1600/DSC00058+copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXc_SX_iAp3PcaBb4rOICu24X19n_kFuuxqs6I19oMqN2oyXknHIwe3PmwJrNItHzZ9HiRPY_uzNtKbQWoAWYtbOFwBI1aA94tm3OujxATU5csGy5Bj-xgCfXu5Oj85G_TmHec-G1QE8Y/s320/DSC00058+copy.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Ready - cooked broiler chicken</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US"> <b>Brooder:</b> Equipment to provide artificial
heat for young chicks from one day old to 3-4 weeks.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Broodiness:</b> Desire of female fowl to sit on
eggs, known as being ‘broody’ or ‘clucky’. Usually occurs in old breeds after
an egg laying period.</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Cages:</b> Wire cages (with wire floors) mounted in tiers to hold laying birds, either singly or in multiples. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Candling:</b> Visual<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>examination of eggs by holding them in front of a light source
to check if they are fertile.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<b>
</b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Cannibalism:</b> Behavioural vice in fowls of
all ages, but especially in laying birds kept in very confined conditions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Seen as pecking other birds’ feathers,
heads, toes, vents, combs or wattles which can lead to death of the sufferer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Capon:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Castrated male chicken.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Chalaiza:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Spiral strings of dense albumen opposite one another on yolk
of an egg.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Maintains the axis or
orientation when an egg is turned during early stages of incubation to allow
proper development.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Chicken:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The domestic fowl Gallus domesticus, of family
Phasianidae.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also young egg or
meat strain type bird one month old or less.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Clutch:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Number of eggs laid on consecutive days.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Cock:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Mature male chicken.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Cockerel:</b> See cock or rooster.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo6PT1OaomjHYrgwQ54jKrC4YxTTAbByeVO3Tsk54_JZqn-f5YPVViD-V5WjiqYvjvYTnQWj3L7gLSDqKu7jIwHGXgh15XzOk8ICu9XEAZ78Fu1PT32W0_CLvxo8mvSi_W1OvH2WLZnxU/s1600/P1000716+copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo6PT1OaomjHYrgwQ54jKrC4YxTTAbByeVO3Tsk54_JZqn-f5YPVViD-V5WjiqYvjvYTnQWj3L7gLSDqKu7jIwHGXgh15XzOk8ICu9XEAZ78Fu1PT32W0_CLvxo8mvSi_W1OvH2WLZnxU/s400/P1000716+copy.JPG" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Mature male bird (Cock, cockeral or rooster). </b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span lang="EN-US"></span><span lang="EN-US"><b>Crop:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Pouch-like part of the digestive system at the base of the neck.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Serves as the initial receptacle for
eaten food.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Culling:</b> Removing non-productive birds from
the flock to reduce waste and improve profit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Day-old:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The age immediately after hatching at which chicks are sold
for rearing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<b>
</b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Deep litter system:</b> Keeping birds for egg
production or meat on a level floor on which litter made up of composted wood
shavings, sawdust or other waste material to an initial depth of about 150mm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b> Double yolked egg: </b>Egg with two yolks which is considered a marketing defect and also a defect for hatching eggs.<b><br /></b></span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Drake:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adult male duck.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Dubbing:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cutting or trimming (cauterising) the comb or wattles of
birds to prevent injury from other birds.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Duckling:</b> Young duck from birth to about 6
months old.</span><br />
<b><br /></b>
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Dust bath:</b> Action of birds to rid themselves of parasites by working dust up into their feathers.</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Egg bound:</b> Condition where a bird cannot lay any more eggs because of a blockage in the oviduct. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Egg floor:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Licensed marketing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>venue to receive, grade and distribute eggs to retail outlets.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Egg grader:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Machine used to grade eggs by passing over a weighing device
to sort then into different sizes (grades).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Egg marketing area:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Area where eggs must either be sold
directly from the poultry farm or the egg floor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Egg-type stock:</b> Breeds or types (mainly
hybrids) of birds kept for egg production.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Entitlement:</b> License to farm with a set
number of laying hens.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Can be
purchased with a going-concern farm.</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Feed:</b> A balanced diet that meets all the nutritional needs of the fowl made from ground grains as a meal or formed into pellets to increase feed intake.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwtCrD9LaULJjTyX0zsk_kD_GEIIGMzveW3pm2rN88p69yk9famiPCKtkIy-ctgJu7EDH0iHWEbJgA6SrFsHjGfRMnGGNh23lo3mZq4MTArkMSR7CKnXCa5a7xzDyayhBVaB9HO0LsZs4/s1600/P1000686+copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwtCrD9LaULJjTyX0zsk_kD_GEIIGMzveW3pm2rN88p69yk9famiPCKtkIy-ctgJu7EDH0iHWEbJgA6SrFsHjGfRMnGGNh23lo3mZq4MTArkMSR7CKnXCa5a7xzDyayhBVaB9HO0LsZs4/s320/P1000686+copy.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Birds eating pelleted feed</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US"> <b>Filler flat:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tray made of moulded paper or plastic for transporting eggs
safely.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Flock:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Birds usually of the same age and type in one group.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Forced moult:</b> Altering the feeding and
environment of laying birds to give their reproductive system a rest before a
further period of lay.</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Free range:</b> System of keeping laying hens so they have have access to outdoor areas and are not confined. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Gander:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adult male goose.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Gizzard:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Part of fowl’s digestive system used to grind food, helped
by ingested gritty material.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Gosling:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Young goose.</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Grit:</b> Hard material needed in a bird's diet to help it digest feed in the muscular gizzard. Either fed separately or incorporated in compounded diets.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Hatchery:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Place where eggs are artificially incubated and from where
day-old chicks are produced.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Heavy breeds:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dual purpose breeds which after their egg laying life have a
meaty carcass.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Usually are around
2.5kg at point of lay.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Hen:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Term for mature female chicken or turkey.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Hybrid:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>See breed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Incubation:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The hatching of eggs by means of heat, done naturally under
a broody hen or in an incubator.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Incubation time between setting the eggs and chicks hatching averages 21
days.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Incubator:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chamber which provides the correct heat and humidity to
hatch eggs,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Infertile eggs:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eggs laid by a hen that have not been fertilised by a male
bird (cockerel or rooster)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>so are
incapable of embryonic development.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Light breeds:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Egg laying breeds weighing about 1.8kg at point of lay.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Moulting:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Annual process where a hen sheds old feathers to grow new
ones. Usually the first annual moult happens at the end of the annual laying
season. Modern laying strains have been selected to have a short moult, as
opposed to old breeds with lower production and a longer moult.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Oviduct:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Long tube in hen’s body cavity through which the egg yolk is
moved and in which the albumin, shell membranes and shell are formed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Oviposition:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Laying of an egg.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Point of lay (POL):</b> Period in the bird’s
metabolism just prior to the start of laying the first egg.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The comb and wattles of most breeds
enlarge and become bright red. The stage at which many egg producing fowls are purchased.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Poult:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Young turkey before becoming sexually mature.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Poultry:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>General term for domesticated species of birds reared for
egg or meat production.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Includes
chickens, ducks, turkeys, guinea fowl, etc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Prolapse:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eversion of part of the oviduct and rectum through the vent.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Pullet:</b> Female bird ready to lay or in its
first production season.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Rooster:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>See cock and cockerel.</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Spectacles:</b> Plastic spectacles fitted on a bird's beak to stop it seeing directly ahead and prevent it pecking and cannibalising other birds. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Stag (Jack):</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><b> </b> </span>Adult male turkey.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Wattle:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fleshy appendage at each side of the base of the beak.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most strongly developed in male birds.</span></div>
Dr Clive Daltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15929644974912176271noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5563327546075276103.post-26193070509299702242016-02-05T16:29:00.000+13:002018-05-14T23:14:22.852+12:00New Zealand farming. Hides and skins – Glossary of terms<style>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"></span><span lang="EN-US"></span><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><b><span lang="EN-US">Dr Clive Dalton</span></b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #6aa84f;"><b><span lang="EN-US">Wool, Hides and Skins </span></b></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Cockle:</b> Defect in a lamb or sheep pelt<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>seen as nodules that have developed
over the pelt surface.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Can be
prevented by appropriate dipping.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Dressing skin:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Woolly lamb skin, which is suitable for processing into
leather after all wool has been removed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Fellmongery:</b> Factory or department in
abattoir or freezing works where wool is removed from lamb and sheep skins.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Grain:</b> Surface layer of a pelt, hide or
leather containing and showing wool or hair follicles.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Green skin:</b> Undried skin from a farm or
slaughter facility, which does not have long-term keeping quality.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Hide:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Skin from a mature cattle beast or calf.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also used in deer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Liming:</b> Alkali chemical treatment of a hide
or pelt to make it softer and pliable</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Paint:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chemical mixture to penetrate the skin to loosen wool.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Painting:</b> Applying paint by spray or other
means to the flesh side of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a sheep
skin to remove the wool.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Pelt:</b> A lamb or sheepskin after wool has
been removed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Pickled pelt:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lamb or sheep pelt preserved for export with brine and
sulphuric acid.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Pinhole:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><b> </b> </span>Defect in a lamb or sheep pelt seen as small holes in the
pelt grain caused by wool fibres growing in groups, and most prevalent in fine
wool breeds.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Rawhide:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>See green skin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Ribby pelts:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pelts of wrinkly sheep breeds such as Merinos, which greatly
restricts their value.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Skin:</b> Derived from sheep, goat, deer, opossum or rabbit (not cattle).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Slink:</b> Skin from young dead lamb or fawn in utero or just newborn.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz1a0KnS0YwG0Czu7t3vhWCSjiKsSDVZSTjC7yd87iunj92UoJsCPY2h0Ujfwcjbs7XYQOar-yig88eylEcet0dCGLkLZQHRmu_UWmagYCncztybiW5baH8XSxQb7jat3rnXjd5OI903A/s1600/Dead+lambs+1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz1a0KnS0YwG0Czu7t3vhWCSjiKsSDVZSTjC7yd87iunj92UoJsCPY2h0Ujfwcjbs7XYQOar-yig88eylEcet0dCGLkLZQHRmu_UWmagYCncztybiW5baH8XSxQb7jat3rnXjd5OI903A/s400/Dead+lambs+1.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Skins from these dead lambs (slinks) will be processed for high quality gloves.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Slipemaster:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Machine used to recover wool from pelt trimmings in a
Fellmongery.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Slipe wool:</b> Wool recovered by a wool
puller, after chemically loosened with sodium, sulphide and hydrated lime
mixture.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Sweating:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Method of dewoolling skins which depends on induced
bacterial degradation to loosen the wool. Used mainly in France.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Wet blue:</b> Hide or skin tanned with chromium
salts and kept in a wet state, which also make it a blue-green colour.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Wool pull:</b> The estimated weight of wool
able to be removed from a skin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Wool puller:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Person or machine who removes the wool from a lamb or sheep
skin after it has been chemically loosened.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Dr Clive Daltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15929644974912176271noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5563327546075276103.post-53446311241137688832016-02-04T20:02:00.000+13:002016-02-04T20:02:13.545+13:00New Zealand farming. Goats – Glossary of terms.
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"></span><span lang="EN-US"></span><span style="color: #38761d;"><b><span lang="EN-US">Dr Clive Dalton</span>
</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Breeds</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3cqoJgRTmVFZlFi7XFqrRLPtbd7cr4GVNvGRItNBjAwd09YKAlXF6Suu9C4vCD2fGyuDHGRsoftUrcZhRAbfZ3mv1WbliCxLoC6tCJONC7147355BUTlY2EpODzneatP9VCu52zreOc0/s1600/101_0111.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3cqoJgRTmVFZlFi7XFqrRLPtbd7cr4GVNvGRItNBjAwd09YKAlXF6Suu9C4vCD2fGyuDHGRsoftUrcZhRAbfZ3mv1WbliCxLoC6tCJONC7147355BUTlY2EpODzneatP9VCu52zreOc0/s320/101_0111.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Saanan milking goats on rotary milking platform</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Milking dairy goats:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sannan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Toggenburg</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">British Alpine</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Anglo Nubian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Fibre goats:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Angora</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Cashmere</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Cashgora</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Feral goats </span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<b>Meat goats:</b>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Feral goats</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu6bXJ5UT0dz0uH9GXnAcg4QEsh169ZkQy4Sysawfx3rW-oPerNOmt_WkISCbTO1TdDw_A8Q-kgQtrp3xxb0LvfaKzf4hUXCAhCxyfphYHRsMUbmaglsfYhK-7UYyMXPh65Slat9G-eNg/s1600/P1000424.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu6bXJ5UT0dz0uH9GXnAcg4QEsh169ZkQy4Sysawfx3rW-oPerNOmt_WkISCbTO1TdDw_A8Q-kgQtrp3xxb0LvfaKzf4hUXCAhCxyfphYHRsMUbmaglsfYhK-7UYyMXPh65Slat9G-eNg/s400/P1000424.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Angora male goat kids</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgvuWeXxAWHCxbt4ZkHBlS47BDTTLdgYrj9ptJHiRpbWO0hxlt0GZaYsz5ra9iSF09v4cH1SgPZZXxd18V374YC8Yr3buPCBzBXIXaMIE_H0H1VF6T2I5DXlzmzMriWw_2icaVYBfN0TY/s1600/RUA+feral+flock+goats+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgvuWeXxAWHCxbt4ZkHBlS47BDTTLdgYrj9ptJHiRpbWO0hxlt0GZaYsz5ra9iSF09v4cH1SgPZZXxd18V374YC8Yr3buPCBzBXIXaMIE_H0H1VF6T2I5DXlzmzMriWw_2icaVYBfN0TY/s400/RUA+feral+flock+goats+copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Feral goats mustered from the wild and farmed for their fibre and meat</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"></span><span lang="EN-US"></span><span lang="EN-US"><b>Beard:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The hair which grows below the jaw on mature male goats.</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Billy goat:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Same as buck and used mostly when referring to feral goat
males.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> </span><b>Browse:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Feeding habits of goats where they select and eat longer
more mature herbage and tree leaves, compared to grazing seen in sheep.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also name given to the mature feed they
select to eat.<span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US"></span><span lang="EN-US"><b>Buck:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Entire male goat of any age.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span>
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNPU-cYd21Atf06DsgiGnoN5Auf-V5EO-oUPX9bMOMAmD_dVzJl0aR5GsQgbY8LY5gxUEEk_0fn_Q2aD3An90KMRyDorIaIyhHM4Ywzi0lihfYK_G2ueO4bHEG1EmDgLBnozTfcTUkz_k/s1600/Angora+AI+buck+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNPU-cYd21Atf06DsgiGnoN5Auf-V5EO-oUPX9bMOMAmD_dVzJl0aR5GsQgbY8LY5gxUEEk_0fn_Q2aD3An90KMRyDorIaIyhHM4Ywzi0lihfYK_G2ueO4bHEG1EmDgLBnozTfcTUkz_k/s320/Angora+AI+buck+copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Angora buck</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Cashmere:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fine downy undercoat fibre in the base of the fleece of a
Cashmere or some feral goats.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Cashgora:</b> Goat which is a cross between Angora and Cashmere parents. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhdoe0X4xEugVrUzBgHyFz-JifUrgIIENKVm0_ZeRiY7FEoXutyHBu0cDlEFQwXwsUpcH2WIJCS6xrRKIPF92FgREWOPD8VOO4x3Cen4JmlsSm0BQHpKeuDfozy_rEmapvLvypilPcN_o/s1600/Cashgora+doe+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhdoe0X4xEugVrUzBgHyFz-JifUrgIIENKVm0_ZeRiY7FEoXutyHBu0cDlEFQwXwsUpcH2WIJCS6xrRKIPF92FgREWOPD8VOO4x3Cen4JmlsSm0BQHpKeuDfozy_rEmapvLvypilPcN_o/s320/Cashgora+doe+copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Cashgora doe</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><b>Doe:</b> Mature female goat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘Nanny goat’ also used for females of
some breeds such as feral goats.</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Goatling:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Same as hogget.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Hogget:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Young goat up to one year old.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwJGS-uSXpfhyPmDgy-X1ds_EJwn9CuXUNBGE6WKd2B7OkuTwdGt_pCHVduUmnXVxXnC2ndX1VER0h8RkujlYB-wbdBuq9GhMya-PKY6HHPcgmh8qKS-PKRam_eycXUzafihrBFIOwR7E/s1600/101_0119.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwJGS-uSXpfhyPmDgy-X1ds_EJwn9CuXUNBGE6WKd2B7OkuTwdGt_pCHVduUmnXVxXnC2ndX1VER0h8RkujlYB-wbdBuq9GhMya-PKY6HHPcgmh8qKS-PKRam_eycXUzafihrBFIOwR7E/s320/101_0119.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Saanan goatlings or hoggets up to one year old</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US"></span><span lang="EN-US"><b>Kid:</b> Young goat of either sex up approaching a year old.</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Kidding:</b> Giving birth to an offspring.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6Rq73BC0r7InuI5wTBzLpYte8Gh3-daCqcv1Ov3G0tdqXdyI7ATkuUVG-rrvXzaeg0ZRsiHctgeOBEMtV9Ft6UqUmhDEFpMmTKBvP43JQfpTngHxG3FQym_kpZMzuPwLMAxp_q2pYJSE/s1600/101_0105+copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6Rq73BC0r7InuI5wTBzLpYte8Gh3-daCqcv1Ov3G0tdqXdyI7ATkuUVG-rrvXzaeg0ZRsiHctgeOBEMtV9Ft6UqUmhDEFpMmTKBvP43JQfpTngHxG3FQym_kpZMzuPwLMAxp_q2pYJSE/s320/101_0105+copy.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Saanan doe just after birth of her kids</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Mohair:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fibres from an Angora goat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnrERRU5TwPLxGQTEKsuMqqrBKcvW8rwSP02OMW7SyXknvOEwwLw_eUZruVJK0QUuzPtypBbCzIDoG6VieUdfeHqKvmpbqJMVMcl7R6hz98MjKqTW0CAdZ2dtz7RSzPVbS83bpHwcu-Jo/s1600/P1000705+copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnrERRU5TwPLxGQTEKsuMqqrBKcvW8rwSP02OMW7SyXknvOEwwLw_eUZruVJK0QUuzPtypBbCzIDoG6VieUdfeHqKvmpbqJMVMcl7R6hz98MjKqTW0CAdZ2dtz7RSzPVbS83bpHwcu-Jo/s400/P1000705+copy.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Mohair fibre</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US"></span><span lang="EN-US"><b>Tassels:</b> Structures which grow on neck of
some goats near the jaw.</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span lang="EN-US"><b>Teeth and aging:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Goats are born with 8 milk teeth which are replaced in pairs
from the middle of the lower jaw to the sides at 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 years of
age.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After a ‘full mouth’ at 5
years old you cannot age a goat by its teeth.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><b>Weaning:</b> Removing goat kids from sucking
their dams.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In dairy goats they
are weaned at birth but other breeds can be weaned at any age up to 4 months.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><b>Wether:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Castrated male goat.</span></div>
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Dr Clive Daltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15929644974912176271noreply@blogger.com0